PK dN:G _ 4 4 refs.MYDp ? ) Purkayastha, Bandana
Subramaniam, Mangala 2004` The Power of Women's Informal Networks: Lessons in Social Change from South Asia and West Africa Lanham Lexington Booksl GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Women's Movement
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
Country/Africa
Country/Asia7 Too often, editors Bandana Purkayastha and Mangala Subramaniam have found, marginalized groups in rural or impoverished areas are overlooked by the international economy of knowledge. The Power of Women's Informal Networks describes and evaluates social organization among poor women in South Asia and West Africa as attempts to challenge marginalization. The discerning editors and contributors explicitly consider the situated contexts within which women work together to improve their lives, with a primary focus on international women's agencies.
(www.powell.com) Review? & Quisumbing, Agnes R.
Yohannes, Yisehac 2005L How fair is workfare? Gender, public works, and employment in rural Ethiopia
Washington
World Bank; Country/Africa
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Development Policy Research Working Paper The authors use the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey to examine the gender dimensions of public works. They use three rounds of a panel conducted in 1994-95 to explore the determinants of participation in, days worked, wages, and earnings from wage labor, food-for-work (FFW), and self-employment. Then they analyze public works data collected in 1997, together with program data collected in 2003. FFW operates in a similar fashion with other labor markets in Ethiopia where female participation is low. Gender differences are important in the participation decision, but operate differently in different types of labor markets. Better-educated women are more likely to participate in the wage labor market, while higher livestock holdings diminish participation more for women. Females with more schooling are also more likely to participate in FFW. Mens and womens participation in FFW and self-employment responds differently to household and community shocks. After controlling for selection in which gender plays an important role, gender disadvantages in the wage labor market and FFW are insignificant. Returns to schooling and height are consistently positive in both wage labor and FFW, suggesting returns to human capital investment, even in the low-skill labor markets of rural Ethiopia. Program characteristics significantly affect participation, with differential effects on men and women. Participation, days worked, wages, and earnings vary according to the type of project. Relative to infrastructure projects, water, social services, and other projects decrease participation probabilities. Distance has a strong negative effect on women's participation relative to men's.
(World Bank)
World Bank http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64154159&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000112742_20050216124524&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679
(23/6/2006) ? Schwenken, Helen 2007 Between Gender Mainstreaming, Managing Diversity and Anti-Discrimination: What are the implications of the European Equality Patchwork for migrants? 187-206> Gender orders unbound: Towards new reciprocity and solidarity?- Lenz, Ilse
Ullrich, Charlotte
Fersch, Barbara Opladen, Farmington Hills Barbara Budrich PublishersB GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming ? Schwenken, Helen 2006o Rechtlos, aber nicht ohne Stimme. Politische Mobilisierungen um irreguläre Migration in die Europäische Union Bielefeld
transcriptk GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations ? Schmidt, Verena 2005{ Gender Mainstreaming - an Innovation in Europe? The Institutionalisation of Gender Mainstreaming in the European Commission Opladen Barbara Budrich Publishers- GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming ? - Lenz, Ilse
Ullrich, Charlotte
Fersch, Barbara 2007B Gender Order Unbound? Globalisation, Restructuring and Reciprocity Opladen, Farmington Hills Barbara Budrich PublishersN GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements
GIPE/Field/Governance #? Elson, Diane 2007 The Changing Economic and Political Participation of Women: Hybridization, Reversals and Contradictions in the Context of Globalization 25-49B Gender Order Unbound? Globalisation, Restructuring and Reciprocity- Lenz, Ilse
Ullrich, Charlotte
Fersch, Barbara Opladen, Farmington Hills Barbara Budrich Publishers GIPE/Field/Gender Budgets
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements
Gipe/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Macroeconomics +?! Connell, Raewyn 2007, Men, Masculinity Research and Gender Justice 51-68B Gender Order Unbound? Globalisation, Restructuring and Reciprocity- Lenz, Ilse
Ullrich, Charlotte
Fersch, Barbara Opladen, Farmington Hills Barbara Budrich Publischers GIPE/Field/Men-Masculinities ?"
Connell, R.W. 1995
Masculinities Berkeley University of California Press GIPE/Field/Men-Masculinities J?# Morokvasic, Mirjana 2007 Migration, Gender, Empowerment 69-97C Gender Orders Unbound? Globalisation, Restructuring and Reciprocity- Lenz, Ilse
Ullrich, Charlotte
Fersch, Barbara Opladen, Farmington Hills Barbara Budrich PublishersE GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Care
Gipe/Field/Employment
Country/EU ?$
Lenz, Ilse 2007W Globalization, Varieties of Gender Regimes, and Regulations for Gender Equality at Work 110-1399 Gendering the Knowledge Economy. Comparative Perspectives< Walby, Sylvia
Gottfried, Heidi
Gottschall, Karin
Osawa, Mari Londont Gipe/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Welfare? ( Gomez, Carlos Ramos
Cunningham, Wendy V. 2004L The home as factory floor: Employment and remuneration of home-based workers
World Bank http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64154159&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000009486_20040615094717&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679 (2/05/07) GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Development
Country/Latin America-Carribean Home-based work, defined as nonprofessionals who perform market work from their homes, is an increasingly recognized form of employment in Latin America. The majority of the research on this segment of the labor force relies on small sample, qualitative data, which find that home-based workers are women, children, and adults with disabilities with low skills who work long hours for low wages. The authors use a large random sample of control groups of non-home-based workers, including men, in their analysis and examine the home-based work sector in Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico in 1999. Their results show that in all three countries, women are overrepresented among home-based workers, particularly older women, those with low levels of education, and those with children or spouses, unlike men for whom these factors do not matter. Female home-based workers earn 25-60 percent less an hour than do non-home-based working women and they work one-third to one-half as many hours each week. Home-based working men, on the other hand, earn 0-17 percent less than do men who do not work from their homes, and they only work 10 percent fewer hours a week. The wage and work hour gaps for women are largely related to marital status, not the presence of children, suggesting that simply being the primary caregiver in the household, regardless of the actual time constraints (children) is the key factor to differences between home-based working women and those who work outside of their homes.
World Bank http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64154159&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000009486_20040615094717&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679 *? Oostendorp, Remco 2004% Globalization and the gender wage gap
Washington
World Bank8 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies There are several theoretical reasons why globalization will have a narrowing as well as widening effect on the gender wage gap, but little is known about the actual impact, except for a number of country studies. The author provides a cross-country study of the impact of globalization on the occupational gender wage gap, based on the rarely used but most far-ranging survey of wages around the world, the International Labour Organization's October Inquiry. This annual survey was started in 1924 and contains a wealth of information on wages and the gender wage gap. For the period 1983-99, there is information on the gender wage gap in 161 narrowly defined occupations in more than 80 countries around the world. The author finds the following: (i) The occupational gender wage gap appears to be narrowing with increases in GDP per capita; (ii) There is a significantly narrowing impact of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) net inflows on the occupational gender wage gap for low-skill occupations, both in poorer and richer countries, and for high-skill occupations in richer countries; (iii) There is no evidence of a narrowing impact of trade, but there is evidence of a widening impact of FDI net inflows on the high-skill occupational gender wage gap in poorer countries; (iv) Wage-setting institutions have a strong impact on the occupational gender wage gap in richer countries. (World Bank)
World Bank http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64154159&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000009486_20040519163334&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679 (23/06/2006) ?S David, Natacha 1996* Worlds Apart. Women and the Global Economy Brussels0 International Confederation of Free Trade Unions GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Migration This paper examines the social costs of globalization from a gender perspective, and
examines how trade unions can respond to related challenges. The general discussion is
complemented with country-specific data. It is argued that globalization has contradictory impacts
on women. The demand for female labor increases, but women also take on most of the social costs
associated with globalization, such as the erosion of employment quality. Female labor has been
especially demanded in Export Processing Zones (EPZ), where women make up 80% of the total
EPZ workforce. The majority are young, unmarried, and come from rural areas. The zones exist in
fifty countries, with a concentration in Central America and Asia. The author considers this job
creation a positive trend for women, but underlines that the quality of the new work might be too
low to be empowering. Often the women sacrifice their safety and health at work, without
benefiting from any real improvement in their economic and social status. As the demand for
female labor is largely explained by a demand for cheaper labor, the gender wage gap is hard to do
away with. Pay differentials are especially marked in countries that invest in female and labor
intense export production. The author argues that women’s reproductive work forces them to
accept the unstable low-pay jobs generated by the global economy, such as part-time and
homework. Women are also considered more vulnerable to employment displacement effects
following technological advancement and import liberalization. Gendered educational patterns and
discrimination in general, prevent women from acquiring the technical and scientific knowledge
needed on the transformed labor market. These and other disadvantages are considered to reinforce
the feminization of poverty. The author also considers the vulnerability of female migrants to the
practice of trafficking in women. The policy discussion of the article, discusses how trade unions
can mobilize workingwomen, and how gender sensitive social clauses can be introduced in
international trade agreements. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization, United Nations Publications, 2003.) [? Meulen Rodgers, Yana van der 1997\ A reversal of fortune for Korean women: Explaining the 1983 upward turn in relative earnings
Washington
World Bank GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Evaluation-Impact Analysis
Country/Asia Between 1971 and 1983, Korea's mean gender earnings ration remained virtually stagnant at 47 percent. But after 1983, the earnings ration took a distinct turn upward. In other words, not until after 1983 did Korean women make any progress in closing the gender-earnings gap. when controlling for education, the analysis reveals a surprising drop in relative earning across education groups in the 1970s and early 1980s, and a recover thereafter. The author uses an extremely rich set of microdata (suitable for decomposition) to explain the trends in Korea's earnings differential. Results indicate that most of the 1983 reversal is attributable to a strong compression in market returns to skills and to narrowing gender differences in education and experience. The widening gender earnings differential across education groups before 1983 resulted primarily from a growing gender gap in unobserved characteristics. Growing gender differences in unmeasured ability or increased wage discrimination could explain this trend. After 1983, women with high school education or less benefit primarily from a dramatic narrowing in the economy's distribution of market payoffs to skills, enough for women to begin to catch up to men relative earnings. A compression in the return to skills helped only some groups. Women with college educations did not experience increased benefits from changes in the market payoff to skills. Stricter enforcement of Korea's equal-pay-for-equal-work provision could help reduce the outright discrimination against women workers that might be the underlying problem. By boosting the potential of Korea's female labor force, stronger enforcement of Korea's equal opportunity provisions would improve the country's economic productivity. (World Bank)
World Bank http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64154159&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000009265_3971126124247&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679 (26/06/2006) ? D Filmer, Deon
Grosh, Margaret
King, Elizabeth
van de Walle, Dominique 1998- Pay and grade differentials at the World Bank
World Bank http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64154159&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000009265_3980624143309&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679 (2/05/07) GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study Large international organizations such as the World Bank pursue many objectives in hiring policies, including reduced costs, cultural diversity, and the avoidance of discrimination. There can be sharp tradeoffs between these objectives. Diversity is enhanced by recruiting from an international labor market, for example, but international organizations face unusually large differences in reservation wages for staff capable of doing the same work. One way to reduce costs would be to pay employees their reservation wages, which implies unequal pay for equal work, or discrimination. The authors show how these tradeoffs are resolved in the World Bank's hiring processes. They estimate disparities in salary and grades between men and women and by country of origin that cannot be attributed to differences in the productive characteristics of workers. The results indicate that about half the salary and grade differentials between men and women and staff from high- and low-income countries are attributable to differences in worker characteristics. They explore a number of alternative explanations for the rest of the salary and grade differentials, including omitted-variable bias, quotas imposed to ensure diversity, and discrimination in hiring and promoting. They argue that neither omitted-variable bias nor quotas are compelling explanations for disparities, and that discrimination probably exists, although certainly less than would be implied by a cost-minimizing hiring policy. A shift seems to be occurring in the hiring process of the Bank, possibly because 1) the application pool, including women and Part II nationals (from developing countries) has significantly improved in quality; 2) information gathering during hiring has intensified, decreasing guesswork; 3) there is more incentive to staff from minority groups; and 4) the Bank's increasing diversity in terms of gender and nationality groups is more conducive to high performance by the people against whom there may previously have been bias. (World Bank)
World Bank http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64154159&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000009265_3980624143309&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679 (26/06/2006) ?V ' Dickinson, Tory D.
Schaeffer, Robert K. 2001; Fast Forward: Work, Gender, and Protest in a Changing World Oxford% Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
This book provides a rich analysis of contemporary change of work, gender relations and
protest following global economic restructuring. The study, which draws on the scholarship of
feminist and world economy studies, underlines the causal relation between women's subordinated
position in society and men's relative well-being, as well as the link between well-being in the
North and poverty in the South. Globalization is argued to be selective in its nature and to have all
embracing but differentiated impacts on women and men in the South and the North. The impact is
determined by gender ideologies and other factors that influence access to resources.
The authors identify three trends in the relation between global capital and global labor:
proletarization, deproletarization, and expulsion of worker households from the world economy.
These trends, which all relate to changes in people’s reliance on waged work, lead to global class
transformation in favour of capital. The core, semi-periphery and periphery of the world economy
increasingly move in separate directions, and economic boom in the North is shown to accompany
increased economic distress in the South. While proletarization has taken place on a world wide
basis, the trends of deproletarization and expulsion are most visible in the semi-periphery and in the
periphery, where people face deindustrialization, falling wages and cuts in state support. These
people are increasingly forced to decrease their reliance on waged work and find alternative ways
of making a living. However, these alternative ways are often undermined by environmental
destruction and state prohibitions on informal activities. The increase of female labor market
participation is seen as a consequence of deproletarization of male labor, where women enter the
labor market to substitute for lost or reduced male wages. That is, the expansion of female labor is
not considered to necessarily represent an increase in the reliance on wages (proletarization) but
rather one survival strategy among many following the death of the male breadwinner model under
labor flexibilization. As a consequence of gender discrimination, women are forced to compensate
for economic restructuring by working harder in the domestic, informal and formal spheres. The
authors argue that the disproportional exploitation of female labor explains the strong presence of
women in resistance activities. It is hoped that the growing movement for inclusive globalization,
and especially women’s efforts, will be able to reverse the negative labor market trends. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization, United Nations Publications, 2003.) ? > Mushfiq Mobarak, Ahmed
Rajkumar, Andrew Sunil
Cropper, Maureen 2005G The political economy of health services provision and access in Brazil
Washington
World Bank GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Evaluation-Impact Analysis
Country/Latin America-Carribean The authors examine the impact of local politics and government structure on the allocation of publicly subsidized (SUS) health services across municipios (counties) in Brazil, and on the probability that uninsured individuals who require medical attention actually receive access to those health services. Using data from the 1998 PNAD survey they demonstrate that higher per capita levels of SUS doctors, nurses, and clinic rooms increase the probability that an uninsured individual gains access to health services when he, or she seeks it. The authors find that an increase in income inequality, an increase in the percentage of the population that votes, and an increase in the percentage of votes going to left-leaning candidates are each associated with higher levels of public health services. The per capita provision of doctors, nurses, and clinics is also greater in counties with a popular local leader, and in counties where the county mayor and state governor are politically aligned. Administrative decentralization of health services to the county decreases provision levels, and reduces access to services by the uninsured, unless it is accompanied by good local governance. (World Bank)
World Bank http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64154159&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20050302155816&searchMenuPK=64258545&theSitePK=523679 (26/06/2006) S? Elder, Sarah
Schmidt, Dorothea 2004' Global employment trends for women 2004 Geneva ILO GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative ILON http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/download/esp8.pdf (12/8/06) ? Forsythe, Nancy 2002_ Gender inequalities, economic growth and economic reform: A preliminary longitudinal evaluation Geneva ILO GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative ILON http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/download/ep45.pdf (12/8/06) see: ILO_Forsythe_2003 Z? , Mancini Bilson, Janet
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn 2006: Female Well-Being: Toward a Global Theory of Social Change New York
Zed Books Ltd GIPE/Discipline/History
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study This global survey starts from the belief that the significant transformations in women's lives need to be fully documented and interpreted. It illustrates the critical challenges faced by women in the 20th century using original data from countries in every world region. The case studies are written by teams of scholars, educators and policy analysts in Bangladesh, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Iceland, Japan, Kenya, South Africa, Sudan, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The catalysts for change in female well-being are identified from trends between 1900 and 2000 in infant mortality, maternal mortality, literacy, life expectancy, education, work, income, family structure and political power. Trends are analysed in the light of the century's major events, legislative initiatives, social policies and leadership to illustrate the processes that enhance, sustain or detract from the female condition. The last chapter suggests ideas for how to improve female well-being globally. Review C? Laframboise, Nicole
Trumbic, Tea 2003g The Effects of Fiscal Policies on the Economic Development of Women in the Middle East and North AfricaH http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=17023.0 (26/06/2006) IMF GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Fiscal Policies
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Evaluation-Impact Analysis
Country/Middle-Far-East
Country/MaghrebX Statistics indicate that the economic and social development of women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) compares unfavorably with most regions in the world. This paper assesses the influence of government expenditure and taxation policies on the economic and social welfare of women in the region. On the expenditure side, we test the explanatory power of public social spending in the determination of key female social indicators. We find that the relatively weak social outcomes for MENA women are not explained by the amount of government social spending, suggesting the answer lies in the efficiency and reach of present spending. With respect to taxation, the main issues in the literature on gender bias in taxation are highlighted and applied in a general manner to the MENA context. Some simple policy recommendations are suggested. (IMF) IMF ? Sarraf, Feridoun 2003? Gender-Responsive Government Budgeting. Working Paper No. 03/83
WashingtonL IMF, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=16438.0 (29.4.2007) GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Gender Budgets
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations This paper examines the concept of gender-responsive government budgeting, promoted in recent years by women's nongovernmental organizations, academia, and multilateral organizations, and the extent of its implementation by national governments in both advanced and developing countries. Owing to recently developed analytical and technical tools, government budget management systems in some countries can help promote gender equality-to the extent of government involvement in gender-sensitive sectors and programs-at any level of available funding. However, to be fully effective, obstacles such as gender-biased culture, the lack of appropriate budget classifications, and the lack of gender analysis expertise and gender-disaggregated data in most countries need to be addressed. (IMF) IMFH http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=16438.0 (26/06/2006)F? Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen 2005_ Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of "the Social" Basingstoke Palgrave GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Institutions
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Gender Budgets
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/Education-Higher Education A gender perspective on social policies in middle- and low-income countries, as in the already institutionalized “welfare states” until quite recently, has remained on the margins of mainstream research. This book attempts to move the gender analytical framework closer to the centre of social policy thinking by exposing how the social institutions through which social policy is filtered—families and communities, markets, informal arrangements for care, health and education systems, the public sector—are all bearers of gender. Women’s unpaid care work continues to form the bedrock on which social protection is subsidized, with erosions in state provisioning impacting most strongly on women. Despite women’s increasing participation in paid work, labour markets continue to reproduce gender-based segmentations and inequalities
in wages and income, as well as in work-related social benefits and social protection mechanisms. Attention to gender also reveals the extent to which inequalities (of class, gender and region) are intensified as a consequence of shifts in the global economy, and processes of privatization and commercialization taking place within countries.
From their diverse regional perspectives the contributions to this volume show how social and economic rights are shaped by economic structures and reforms, institutional designs and capacities, and political processes which are all deeply gendered. The volume illustrates why both academic research and policy thinking need to factor in gender hierarchies and structures if they are to address some of the key challenges of contemporary societies: the widespread informality and insecurity of paid work, and the crisis of care. Review ?O Blackmore, Jill 2000_ Warning Signals or Dangerous Opportunities? Globalization, Gender and Educational Policy Shifts 467-486 Educational Theory 50 4 University of Illinois GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Education-Higher Education
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations This article analyzes the relationship between global economic restructuring and educational
reform. The logic of globalization is seen to drive the process of educational reform and to provoke
deterioration in the social relations of gender in education. It is argued that globalization induces a
marketization of governance, where the state withdraws from its public sector responsibilities and
adopts the function of fostering a competitive economy. States, who are facing increasing
competition, invest in education for two major reasons; firstly skilled labor is needed to maintain
productivity in a knowledge-based production system, and secondly, money can be made on
exporting education (services) to developing countries with new education markets. Women's
interests are found to be increasingly perceived as luxuries in the context of marketization and
privatization and positioned against the economic interests of the nation-state. In this scenario, state
intervention for gender equity reasons can only be justified if linked to productivity. The article
also discusses the widespread reallocation of educational costs to the private sphere and the
emerging polarization in the educational labor market. The educational labor market is adopting a
new sexual division of labor, where women are concentrated in local flexible labor while men are
found in a professional, mobile elite with safer working conditions. In sum, the article
conceptualizes the gendered implications of educational restructuring under globalization and calls
for more empirical work. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization, United Nations Publications, 2003.) q? Molyneux, Maxine
Razavi, Shahra 2002' Gender Justice, Development, and Rights Oxford OUP{ GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Education-Higher Education
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Field/Women's Movementx This important study engages with some of the most pressing and contested of contemporary issues – neo-liberal policies, democracy and multiculturalism - analyzing them from a gender perspective. It examines political and policy processes, the way in which liberal rights and ideas of democracy and justice have been absorbed into the political agendas of women's movements. Review#? von Braunmühl, Claudia 20051 Gender Mainstreaming: Pathway to democratisation? 119-130U Governance and Sustainability. New Challendes for States, Companies and Civil Society= Petschow, Ulrich
Rosenau, James
von Weizsäcker, Ernst Ulrich Sheffield Greenleaf Publishing GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/EUr Gender mainstreaming constitutes the institutionalisation of the perspectives and objectives of the international women's movements. Originating from the field of development co-operation, it was enshrined in the Beijing Platform of Action and shortly afterwards written into the European Union treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam. While in the context of development discourse gender mainstreaming to this day remains firmly embedded in a critique of development strategies and, in later years, of corporate-driven globalisation, in the European context it is interpreted much closer to the European tradition of politics of gender equality. In both traditions, however, gender mainstreaming holds a certain potential to enrich the formal structures of democracy by making institutions more inclusive in terms of equal opportunity and equal access for women. (Geenleaf Publishing) D? von Braunmühl, Claudia 2004 Developmentalism| Globalising Women’s Rights. Confronting unequal development between the UN rights framework and the WTO trade arrangements Macdonald, Mandy WIDE GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Women's Movementn? Macdonald, Mandy 2004| Globalising Women’s Rights. Confronting unequal development between the UN rights framework and the WTO trade arrangements New York WIDE GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements This paper is a report of WIDE’s annual conference from 2004, held at the Gustav-Stresemann-Institute, in Bonn from 21-22 May. The report includes summaries of the main seminars held. Topics discussed include:
* new developments and trends in feminist strategies and alliances in their historical context
* challenges involved in rethinking rights
* articulation between 'local' and global women's struggles
* strategies or strategic orientations to guide WIDE's work
* the present moment in international trade negotiations, between the Cancún and Hong Kong WTO meetings
* the relationship of the international women's/feminist movement with the social justice movements WIDE ? von Braunmühl, Claudia 2003; Etablierte Wissenschaft und feministische Theorie im Dialog Berlin Berliner Wissenschaftsverlagc GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Philosophy of Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory Im Sommersemester 1998 fand an der FU Berlin die von Prof. Dr. Claudia von Braunmühl und Prof. Dr. Ulrich Albrecht verantwortete Ringvorlesung "Zur Rezeption feministischer Theorie im Wissenschaftsbetrieb" statt. Die damals von männlichen Fachvertretern zum Stand der (Nicht-) Rezeption feministischer Theorieansätze gehaltenen Vorträge wurden 1999 von Claudia von Braunmühl unter dem Titel "Der blockierte Dialog" herausgegeben. Mit der für das Wintersemester 2001/02 geplanten Ringvorlesung "Etablierte Wissenschaft und feministische Theorie im Dialog" nun soll die Ent-Blockierung des Dialogs zwischen etablierter Wissenschaft und feministischer Theorie weiter ermutigt werden.
Ein/e hier summarisch als der etablierten Wissenschaft zugehörige/r WissenschaftlerIn (der Begriff polemisch gemeint) und ein/e mit einem feministischem Theorieansatz arbeitende WissenschaftlerIn, die beide in denselben Disziplin arbeiten, werden aus je ihrer Perspektive unter Einbezug der Teilnehmenden ein wissenschaftliches Gespräch über einen aktuellen Text oder ein in der Diskussion befindliches Thema führen. Es geht darum, Nachdenklichkeit durch wechselseitiges Infrage-Stellen zu fördern, aber auch eine Meta-Ebene zu thematisieren: wie und warum wird HERRschende Lehre eine solche, wie geht sie mit kritischen, von ihr nicht erwarteten und eingeladenen Innovationsangeboten um? Welche gesellschaftlichen Konstruktionen und Annahmen gehen in wissenschaftliche Theorien und Herangehensweisen ein, ohne sich als solche zu erkennen oder zu erkennen zu geben? Von welchem wissenschaftlichen Wert ist die feministische Dekonstruktion von im Wissenschaftsbetrieb anerkannten und allem Anschein nach bewährten Theorien und Methoden?JD? von Braunmühl, Claudia 2002* Mainstreaming Gender - a critical revisionP Common Grounds or Mutual Exclusion? Women's Movements in International Relations Braig, Marianne
Wölte, Sonja London Zed Booksd GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements )D@?, Çağlar, Gülay 2006n Ökonomisches Wissen und Politikgestaltung. Zur Relevanz feministischer Ökonomie in Zeiten der GlobalisierungA Politische und ökonomische Bildung zur Zeiten der Globalisierung Steffens, Gerd Münster Westfälisches DampfbootU GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/B ( ?- Çağlar, Gülay 2004B Zum Begriff der Konstruktion in der feministischen Ökonomiekritik 180-191Y Under construction? Konstruktivistische Perspektiven in feministischer Theorie und Praxis< Helduser, Urte
Marx, Daniela
Paulitz, Tanja
Pühl, Katharina Frankfurt, New York
Campus Verlagm GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feministw ( ?/ Çağlar, Gülay 2003, Gender Budgeting: Erfolgsrezept oder Mythos? 124-142G Gender Mainstreaming - Herausforderung für den Dialog der Geschlechter2 Jansen, Mechtild
Röming, Angelika
Rohde, Maria
? von Braunmühl, Claudia 1999[ Der blockierte Dialog. Zur Rezeption feministischer Theorie-Impulse im Wissenschaftsbetrieb Berlin
Berlin Verlagc GIPE/Discipline/Philosophy of Science
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory Der Band ist das Ergebnis einer Vorlesungsreihe an der Freien Universität. Sieben (männliche) Wissenschaftler unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen stellen dabei Impulse feministischer Theorien für ihre Disziplin vor. Claudia von Braunmühl greift also eine alte Frage der Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung auf: Inwieweit wirken die Arbeiten feministischer Wissenschaften in den "Malestream" zurück? Die Einzelbeiträge stellen sich auf sehr unterschiedliche Weise der feministischen Herausforderung. Review F? von Braunmühl, Claudia 1997N Gender und Transformation. Nachdenkliches zu den Anstrengungen einer Beziehung` Geschlechterverhältnisse im Kontext politischer Transformation, Politische Vierteljahresschrift 38. Jg.
Sonderheft 28 Kreisky, Eva
Sauer, Birgit ?T Delahanty, Julie 1999? A Common Thread: Issues for Women Workers in the Garment Sector OttawaW North-South Institute, Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Production
GIPE/Field/Regional IntegrationQ
Based on a review of the existing literature, this report discusses how globalization has
changed the garment industry and the working conditions for its formal and informal workers.
Research gaps and areas for future research are identified. It is found that the new organization of
garment production, which largely was enabled by technical advancements, is controlled by large
retailers, is ‘buyer-driven’, and ‘vertically disintegrated’ with an extensive use of sub-contracting
strategies. By virtue of having such a high share of subcontracted informal labor, the garment
industry is argued to represent an extreme example of how businesses typically respond to global
competition by using decentralization and informalization strategies. The need for low cost and
flexible labor, intensified the feminization of the global clothing workforce. Women now account
for 2/3 of the workers in the clothing industry. It is argued that women have become the chief
maintainers of the comparative advantage in low cost labor of many developing countries. The
author finds it positive that the garment industry is a large employer of women, but expresses
concern for the downward pressure on pay and working conditions that trade liberalization gives
rise to in the sector. Women are increasingly only offered flexible and precarious types of work.
The trend of a feminization of international labor migration, is attributed to the demand for female
cheap labor, and concern is raised for female migrant’s vulnerability to abuse.
One of the key issues discussed in the report is the impact of certain trade agreements on
garment workers. The main concern is how the removal of quotas under the phasing out of the
Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) will affect various garment-producing countries and
the workers in these industries. It is theorized that the countries that begin to lose their comparative
advantages in labor cost due to increased competition, will embark on quality-competing strategies
that strongly impact working conditions. The report also discusses the effects of regional trade
agreements such as NAFTA, FTAA, and SAARC. These agreements are predicted to provoke
increased specialization, relocation of industry between member states, and potential market losses
for non-member countries as well as the use of satellite countries. The report also includes a policy
discussion, where pros and cons of social clauses, transnational consumer campaigns, codes of
conduct, and social labeling are reviewed. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization, United Nations Publications, 2003.) ?L Elson, Diane 2002B The International Financial Architecture - A View from the Kitchen 26-37D Femina Politica - Zeitschrift fur feministische Politik-Wissenschaft 11 1 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Finance-Financial Markets
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs< Diane Elson diskutiert in ihrem Beitrag die Auswirkungen der Asienkrise 1997/98 für die Konstruktion einer neuen internationalen Finanzarchitektur mit einem "Küchenblick" und aus der Perspektive armer Frauen aus dem Süden. Die Tatsache, dass der IWF und die Weltbank seit der Krise die Zusammenhänge von Finanz- und Sozialpolitik zumindest anerkennen, könnte womöglich ein Gelegenheitsfenster für einen sozialen Umbau der Finanz- und Wirtschaftsarchitektur eröffnen. Allerdings stehe dem das vom IWF nach wie vor favorisierte Mittel der Wahl, nämlich weitreichende Liberalisierungen entgegen. Elson setzt dem eine twin track strategy entgegen: eine umfassende, sozial abgestimmte Strategie in ideeller wie institutioneller Hinsicht, die gerahmt und gestützt wird durch zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure. (femina politica) Review D ?! Elson, Diane 2002> Gender Justice, Human Rights and Neo-liberal Economic Policies 78-114& Gender Justice, Development and Rights Molyneux, Maxine
Razavi, Shahra Oxford Oxford University Pressf GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Human Rights ?* Perrons, Diane 2004h Understanding Social and Spatial Divisions in the New Economy: New Media Clusters and the Digital Divide 45-62 Economic Geography 80 1 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Space-Geography
GIPE/Field/Technology
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/UK-IrelandO Economic inequality is increasing but has been sidelined in some of the recent debates in urban and regional studies. This article outlines a holistic framework for economic geography, which focuses on understanding social and spatial divisions, by drawing on economists' ideas about the new economy and feminist perspectives on social reproduction. The framework is illustrated with reference to the emerging new media cluster in Brighton and Hove, which, as a consequence, emerges less as a new technology cluster and more as a reflection of increasing social divisions in the new economy. Review?$ Perrons, Diane 2002> Gendered Divisions in the New Economy: Risks and Opportunities 271-280
Geojournal 56 4 Springer Netherlands GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
Country/UK-Ireland The concept 'new economy' is widely used to characterise the outcomes of contemporary restructuring processes – but in contrasting ways: by globalisation and the increasing use of communication and information technologies as well as by deregulation, polarisation, feminisation of employment and new, more flexible patterns and hours of work. These tendencies are interlinked and partly account for growing social and gender divisions. They pose problems for social sustainability but also develop differently in different economic and social formations. This paper develops a theoretical understanding of widening social divisions and their gendered form, indicates how these tendencies have developed to different degrees within the European Union and illustrates how the divisions are experienced by people in a local labour market in the neo liberal UK, where social and gender divisions are particularly wide. Review?% # Duncan, Simon
Pfau-Effinger, Birgit 20001 Gender, Economy and Culture in the European Union Routledge GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Violence
Country/Europeo Providing a comprehensive analysis of comparative gender difference in the EU, this book addresses a spectrum of gender issues. From employment and households, to culture, sexuality and male violence, the book transcends any ''economy/culture'' divide.
This wide coverage is placed within a conceptual view of structured ''gender cultures'' which vary spatially and historically. Individual chapters are written around this common theme by an expert board of international contributors, drawn from a variety of intellectual and disciplinary backgrounds, allowing the reader to compare between chapters and read across them. Review ?& Perrons, Diane 1999x Deconstructing the Maastricht Myth? Economic and Social Cohesion in Europe: Regional and Gender Dimensions of Inequality 186-209 Divided Europe Hudson, Ray
Williams, Allan M. SageW GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/EU; The deepening social and territorial divisions within Europe are examined in this comprehensive and authoritative book.
Using a global perspective, the contributors argue that social and territorial cleavages are inextricably linked, and that only a detailed examination of economic, political and geographical differences can lead to a clearer understanding of the social tensions and inequalities that exist across Europe. Topics covered include: gender; age; social integration; citizenship; and migration and race in Europe's complex and changing territorial system. Review?' Perrons, Diane 1999b Flexible Working Patterns and Equal Opportunities in the European Union: Conflict or Compatibility 391-418# European Journal of Women's Studies 6 4 GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative2 Employment flexibility is particularly associated with neoliberalism and deregulation and, thus, with Britain, rather than the other countries of the European Union (EU), which are more closely associated with corporatist or social democratic welfare regimes. During the 1990s, however, flexible working has expanded throughout the EU. Within EU policy discourse flexible employment represents a means of resolving the unemployment problem, increasing economic and social cohesion, maintaining economic efficiency and competitiveness and enhancing equal opportunities between women and men. The purpose of this article is to consider the extent to which flexible working is compatible with one of these objectives: equal opportunities between women and men. The article draws mainly upon a comparative qualitative analysis of flexible working in the retail sector in six European countries and concludes that while flexible working may expand employment opportunities, there is little evidence to suggest that it will contribute towards equal opportunities in any other way. Review ?( Perrons, Diane 2000e Living with Risk: Labour Market Transformation, Employment Policies and Social Reproduction in the UK 283-310" Economics and Industrial Democracy 21 3` GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Welfare
Country/UK-Irelands In many ways, contemporary labour market changes in the UK, the problems and their proposed solutions encapsulate many aspects of Ulrich Beck's risk society. Inequality and insecurity are increasing, leading to one-third of children growing up in poverty. Current labour market, income support and childcare policies tend to reinforce rather than challenge adverse aspects of the new partial and insecure forms of work. Remedial policies reflect individualization and are centred on the belief that the route out of poverty lies with 'making work pay' and by increasing the employability of those not in work. New forms of flexible working potentially provide the material foundation for a more equal distribution of paid and unpaid work, but to be effective need to be situated within a framework which prioritizes greater equality, including gender equity, in paid and unpaid work. Review ?) Perrons, Diane 2004E Globalisation and Social Change: People and Places in a Divided World London Routledge GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Space-Geography
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study. Globalization and Social Change has a refreshing new perspective on globalization and widening social and spatial inequalities. It draws on ideas about the new economy, risk society, welfare regimes and political economy to explain the growing social and spatial divisions characteristic of our increasingly divided world. The book combines original argument with a clear exposition of the underlying processes and is illustrated through a series of case studies linking people in rich and poor countries. Emphasis is placed on the socio-economic aspects of change, particularly changes in working patterns and living arrangements. The role of new information and communication technologies is highlighted but it is argued that their potential for increasing social well-being is impeded by the prevailing neo-liberal model of development. While there are spectacular new landscapes throughout the world, work and incomes are polarized between highly paid knowledge workers and low paid workers who directly or indirectly cater to their needs sustaining uneven development at national, regional and urban scales. Reference is made to the new global division of labour, declining industria regions and widening social divisions within what the author terms superstar regions. Changing family structures, the feminization of employment, migration, work life balance and new conceptions of gender identity and gender roles, are all discussed. Having outlined growing inequalities at different spatial scales Diane Perrons then looks at the role of the state and social movements in shaping development to explain how people in different places are affected by and in turn affect these processes. Changing patterns of global governance, participation and empowerment as well as social resistance to the global order, are all reviewed. The book concludes that divisions by social class and gender are in some ways becoming more significant than divisions between nations and suggests that new systems of social end economic organization are necessary for social peace in the new millennium. (Amazon) Review? Shiva, Vananda 1995Q WTO, Women and the Environment: An Ecological and Gender Analysis of "Free Trade" 16-44H Women in Development - Trade Aspects on Women in the Development Process Haxton, Eva
Olsson, Claes Uppsala= United Nations Youth and Student Association of Sweden (UFFN) GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Environment This article explores the implications of globalization on women and the ecological system in
developing countries. The author sees globalization as a masculine project, led by northern
patriarchal powers such as the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO, which deepens gender
inequality. She argues that the establishment of WTO in 1995 symbolizes a new phase of the
globalization process, with dynamics especially inimical to women. More specifically, domestic
issues such as knowledge and food are now treated as matters of international trade, through
agreements on intellectual property rights and agricultural liberalization, with severe consequences
for women’s human rights to health and food. Agricultural liberalization threatens biodiversity,
through increased monoculture following trade expansion, and food security through intensified
monoculture and import liberalization. Studies on India reveal that the exportation of staple food
grains raises the domestic prices on these products, and that food imports displace the livelihoods
of poor peasants. In regard to intellectual property rights, the author argues that they enable TNCs
to rob farmers (mostly women) on centuries of innovation and safeguarding work in bio-diversity.
Rural women are denied their share of the wealth created by the TNCs. Farmers must also pay
royalty for saving their seeds or risk being sued for patent infringement. The article includes an
analysis of India’s experience of shrimp farming, where it is concluded that local ecosystems have
paid a high cost for the introduction of shrimp farming, and that women have suffered most from
destroyed fisheries and agriculture. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization: an annotated bibliography, United Nations Publications, 2003.) ? Sen, Gita 2000 Gendered Labour Markets and Globalisation in Asia. Partnership on Globalization, Liberalization and Sustainable Human Development. Occasional Paper New York* UNCTAD/UNDP www.unctad.org/en/ (28.4.2007) GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
Country/Asia This report uses a micro and a macro perspective to examine the employment implications of
globalization for Asian women. The fact that Asian labor markets are strongly gendered, is
considered a serious problem not only for women but also for the long term sustainability of
national economies. Women workers are concentrated in low-status jobs, such as within export
processing zones and within the service sector, where working conditions are harsh and the pay
low. Female homework is widespread. Female labor migration is high. Female labor was crucial for
the region’s success in export production, but the fact that the region is somewhat stuck on a low
road to growth, deteriorates women’s prospects for improved working conditions. There are no
clear signs that women have been empowered by the trade-related work. In regard to the effects of
gendered labor markets on economic performance, it is argued that labor market inequality has
important macro implications for the sustainability of export growth and for aggregate growth rates.
Gendered labor markets reinforce the structural inequalities between South and North through
deteriorating conditions of trade for developing countries. The author stresses that investment in
both women’s and men’s human resources is a condition for economic growth in the new
knowledge based economy. The final section contains a policy discussion. The author highlights
the importance of international instruments such as the UN conventions on homework and on
women’s rights, as well as the necessity to invest in women’s education, and in reproductive and
health related services. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization: An annotated bibliography, United Nations Publications, 2003.) | ?- ! Kuiper, Edith
Barker, Drucilla K. 2005% Feminist Economics and the World Bank Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory^ The past decade has witnessed a paradigm shift at the World Bank from a focus on structural adjustment to a focus on poverty reduction. As evidenced by the Bank's 2001 report, "Engendering Development: Through Rights, Resource and Voice", an increased attention to gender issues, has been an important part of this process. This book brings together a range of responses from feminist economists and other social researchers on the issues raised in this report. With contributions from highly esteemed scholars such as Eudine Barriteau, Diane Elson, Gale Summerfield, and Zafiris Tzannatos, this anthology critically examines the relationships between gender, growth, development, and the World Bank by: developing a history of the World Bank's perspectives on gender, empirically evaluating the impacts of the Banks' policies on three different regions of the world, exploring the ideological and methodological commitments of the report from a variety of feminist and interdisciplinary social science perspectives, and enquiring into future directions for feminist economics research. Highlighting the importance and challenge of taking gender into account in development theory and policy, the book's complex and nuanced analysis of the social relations of gender in a global context make it an important resource for policymakers, activists and scholars alike. (Amazon) Reviewj?. ! Barker, Drucilla K.
Kuiper, Edith 2003) Toward a Feminist Philosophy of Economics London Routledge GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Theory/Post-Structuralism-Modernism
GIPE/Theory/Post-Colonialism
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Care$ Feminist economists have demonstrated that interrogating hierarchies based on gender, ethnicity, class and nation results in an economics that is biased and more faithful to empirical evidence than are mainstream accounts. This rigorous and comprehensive book examines many of the central philosophical questions and themes in feminist economics including History of economics, Feminist science studies, Identity and agency, Caring labor, Postcolonialism and postmodernism. With contributions from such leading figures as Nancy Folbre, Julie Nelson and Sandra Harding, Toward a Feminist Theory of Economics looks set to become the book on feminist economics for some time to come and will be greatly appreciated by all those interested in gender studies, economic methodology and social theory. (Review) Review D?/
Kuiper, Edith 2004G A Review of Paul Strathern’s ›A Brief History of Economic Genius‹+ Research in the History of Economic Thought Samuels, Warren
Biddle, Jeff E. Oxford Elsevier Science8 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics ?0
Kuiper, Edith 2001H »The most valuable of all Capital«. A gender reading of economic texts Amsterdam Thela Thesis GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics F?1
Kuiper, Edith 2004t Feministische Ökonomie: Kritik ökonomischer Theorien und alternative Ansätze. Grundlagen feministischer Ökonomie 494-503* Handbuch Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung Becker, Ruth
Kortendiek, Beate Wiesbaden VS Verlag8 GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Economics ?2 Young, Brigitte forthcoming 2007e Privatisation of the State. Trade In Services and Social Reproduction in the Global Political Economy Palgrave Macmillan ?3 @ Kelly, Rita Mae
Bayes, Jane H.
Hawkesworth, Mary
Young, Brigitte 2001) Gender, Globalization and Democratization Lanham/MD Rowman and Littlefield} GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Methodology/Interviews
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theoryj Women's voices and experiences from around the world are brought to bear upon issues of globalization and democratization in this volume of strikingly original and diverse essays. From the Comfort Women of Japan to the Mexican maquiladoras, from the debt burdened nations of Africa to the "new settler societies" of Oceania, the impact of globalizing forces and uneven democratization yields gender dislocations everywhere. This volume charts these trends with original research, first-hand interviews and surveys, and fresh theoretical perspectives. Gender regime change may be built on the understandings begun here. Review *?4 Young, Brigitte 1999N Triumph of the Fatherland: German Unification and the Marginalization of Women Ann Arbor/MI The University of Michigan Presso GIPE/Discipline/History
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Discrimination The East German uprising of 1989 was not a male revolution. Indeed, one of the most significant aspects of the fall of East Germany, compared to that of other East European nations, was the presence of women demanding a political role in the newly emerging social order. As one slogan proclaimed, "Without Women There Is No State."
Yet despite the determination of these women--and of West German feminist groups--to help shape the future of the German state, their influence remained, in the end, very limited. In Triumph of the Fatherland, political scientist Brigitte Young draws on in-depth interviews, archival sources, newspapers, and her own observations from 1989 to 1991 to study the goals, strategies, and eventual fate of the German women's movements during this tumultuous period.
Young focuses on the relationship between the state and its citizenry, outlining the mobilization of women in four states: the East German and West German states before unification; the "stateless state" in East Germany after the collapse of the Wall, and the West German state during unification. Ultimately she finds that the political opportunity structures opened during the "stateless state" closed again with unification, resulting in what Young calls "double gender marginalization." Review 6?5 Young, Brigitte
Hoppe, Hella 2003T Gender Agenda in the WTO. The Doha Development Round, Gender and Social Reproduction Berlin Friedrich Ebert Stiftung GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming Gender Mainstreaming is not yet being implemented at the WTO. Gender-sensitive policy recommandations for a new world trade regime can, however, be formulated only on the basis of a comprehensive evaluation and monitoring of WTO policies that take account of their effects on men and women. To "engender the WTO" is therefore one of the central demands raised by the two athors, who, in their study, cast light on a new field that has thus far been accorded little attention in the relevant research. The study formulates a number of questions as well as some first concrete policy recommendations and at the same time constitutes an excellent basis for further research projects and political discussions. FES D?6 Young, Brigitte 2007{ Developing Countries between Globalisation and Regionalisation: Liberalisation of Financial Services as a “Public Bad?”8 Regional Public Goods: The Case for Regional Cooperation
Farrell, Mary Oxford OUP GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Finance-Financial Markets
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
GIPE/Field/Regional Integration?7 Young, Brigitte 2005b Engendering the German Parliamentary Commission Report on „Globalization of the World Economy” 232-2422 Feminist Perspectives on Gender and the World Bank! Kuiper, Edith
Barker, Drucilla K. New York Routledge?8 Young, Brigitte 20055 Globalization and Shifting Gender Governance Order(s) SoWi-OnlineD http://www.sowi-online.de/journal/2005-2/pdf/globalization_young.pdfk GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
GIPE/Theory/Feminist EconomicsC Der Beitrag analysiert die unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen von Globalisierung auf Frauen und macht deutlich, dass die theoretische wie empirische Analyse von Globalisierungsprozessen ohne Geschlechterperspektive unzureichend bleibt. Ausgehend von der These, dass die Transformation der spezifisch historischen Systeme des Kapitalismus Hand in Hand mit der Rekonfiguration von Geschlechterregimen geht, werden wesentliche Elemente dieses Prozesses beschrieben: der Niedergang des Familenernährermodells, die Rekonfiguration der öffentlichen und privaten Sphäre, die zunehmende Polarisierung zwischen Frauen und die Reprivatisierung der sozialen Reproduktion. Diese Veränderungen beinhalten nicht nur negative Konsequenzen für Frauen; sie haben auch das Potential, lokale patriarchale Kulturen und Strukturen männliche Vorherrschaft zu schwächen und aufzulösen. Am Beispiel der Schwellenländer in Ostasien werden Ambivalenzen der sich wandelnden Geschlechterregime aufgezeigt und die Notwendigkeit zukünftiger Forschung unter Einbezug der Geschlechterperspektive betont. (SoWi online) ReviewQ http://www.sowi-online.de/journal/2005-2/pdf/globalization_young.pdf (22/02/2007) see: Young_Gender_Gov_2005 ?9 Young, Brigitte 2003D Financial Crises and Social Reproduction: Asia, Argentina and Brazil 99-122) Power, Production and Social Reproduction Gill, Stephen
Bakker, Isabella
Hampshire/ NY Palgrave Macmillan~?: Young, Brigitte 2003 Economic and Monetary Union, employment and gender politics: A feminist constructivist analysis of neo-liberal labour-market restructuring in Europe Ch. 6~ The Political Economy of European Employment. European integration and the transnationalization of the (un)employment question Overbeek, Henk London and New York Routledge/Ripe Studies GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Finance-Financial Markets
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Theory/Constructivism
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics The Political Economy of European Employment focuses on the emergence of employment policy as a political issue and examines unemployment in Europe in the context of globalisation, the implementation of European Monetary Union and the Eastern enlargement of the EU.
The authors address the transformation of the global economy over the past decades and consider the theoretical debates surrounding European integration. They analyse how various social and political forces, both national and transnational, have addressed the challenges facing the European economies and how this interplay has influenced the emerging EU social and employment policies. Finally the focus turns to variations within the European Union and how to conceptualize the articulation of the global, the European and the national.
The book combines theoretical chapters with detailed case studies of Britain, The Netherlands, the Mediterranean region, Sweden and Germany. It will interest students and researchers of Politics, Economics, European Studies and Public Policy. Review P ?; Young, Brigitte 2002] On Collision Course: The European Central Bank, Monetary Policy, and the Nordic Welfare Model 295-314* International Feminist Journal of Politics 4 3 GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Fiscal Policies
Country/DK-SF-Norway-Sweden
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics The question addressed in this paper is whether a particular discursive construction of globalization sets the boundaries for what is politically feasible within the EU. To answer this question, the macroeconomic policies of the European Monetary and Economic Union with its rigid emphasis on price stability are analysed in the context of the Nordic promise to preserve the present level of social programmes. What makes this 'puzzle' so interesting is that for the first time a large section of women voters hold the key to joining EMU. The analysis differs from many other feminist approaches to EMU and equal opportunity policy in that it combines a constructivist understanding of EMU with feminist political economy. The paper concludes that the Nordic promise to its female constituency to safeguard the present social and employment system cannot be sustained within the context of the restrictive monetary regime institutionalized by EMU. Feminist economists are calling for a 'transformative' approach to macroeconomics arguing that democratizing the process of macroeconomic policy making is a crucial element in changing the fundamental assumptions of the present neo-liberal policies and provides an alternative that would lead to a more gender-democratic Europe. ReviewD?= Young, Brigitte
Töns, Katrin 2001M Gender-Mainstreaming in the European Employment Strategy: The case of Germany8 Gender-Mainstreaming in the European Employment Strategy$ Behning, Ute
Serrano Pascual, Amparo Brussels% European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) ?> Young, Brigitte 2000E Disciplinary Neo-Liberalism in the European Union and Gender Politics 77-98 New Political Economy 5 1?D Schüler, Dana 2006w The Uses and Misuses of the Gender-related Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure: A Review of the Literature 161-181 Journal of Human Development 7 2- Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis GroupP GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Social Policiesg The 1995 Human Development Report introduced two new measures of well-being: the Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). The two indexes were created with the intention of attracting more attention to gender inequality issues. This paper first of all reviews the attention the indexes received in the publications of the United Nations Development Programme itself, concentrating on their use in national and subnational Human Development Reports. It also reviews how the two indexes were used in academia and the press. The main result of the review is that the GDI in particular seems to be a measure that is not used appropriately. In most cases of misuse, the GDI was wrongly interpreted as a measure of gender inequality. Due to the many misinterpretations, the potential policy impact the GDI and GEM can have seems limited. Review>?E
Folbre, Nancy 20069 Measuring Care: Gender, Empowerment, and the Care Economy 183-199 Journal of Human Development 7 2 Taylor & Francis5 GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/DevelopmentX How should “care” be defined and measured in ways that enhance our understanding of the impact of economic development on women? This paper addresses this question, suggesting several possible approaches to the development of indices that would measure gender differences in responsibility for the financial and temporal care of dependents. Review f?F
Chant, Sylvia 2006U Re-thinking the “Feminization of Poverty” in Relation to Aggregate Gender Indices 201-220 Journal of Human Development 7 2 Taylor & Francis5 GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics The “feminization of poverty” is often referred to without adequate specification or substantiation, and does not necessarily highlight aspects of poverty that are most relevant to women at the grassroots. The United Nations Development Programme's gender indices go some way to reflecting gendered poverty, but there is scope for improvement. In order to work towards aggregate indices that are more sensitive to gender gaps in poverty as identified and experienced by poor women, the main aims of this paper are two-fold. The first is to draw attention to existing conceptual and methodological weaknesses with the “feminization of poverty”, and to suggest how the construct could better depict contemporary trends in gendered privation. The second is to propose directions for the kinds of data and indicators that might be incorporated within the Gender-related Development Index or the Gender Empowerment Measure, or used in the creation of a Gendered Poverty Index. Reviewp http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/geographyAndEnvironment/whosWho/profiles/s.chant/Chant_JHD_PDF.pdf (20/02/2007) see Chant_Feminisation_2006 ?G Cueva Beteta, Hanny 20063 What is missing in measures of Women's Empowerment? 221-241 Journal of Human Development 7 2 Taylor & FrancisL GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Environment This paper argues that the Gender Empowerment Measure is an incomplete and biased index on women's empowerment, which measures inequality among the most educated and economically advantaged and fails to include important non-economic dimensions of decision‐making power both at the household level and over women's own bodies and sexuality. After addressing in more depth the relevance and limitations of existent and potential indicators on women's empowerment in the political and economic spheres, this paper identifies and assesses potential indicators in those spheres currently absent in the Gender Empowerment Measure (household and individual dimensions). Finally, the paper stresses that empowerment is not primarily an outcome, but a process; as such, there are elements enabling or limiting it, such as - but not limited to - the legal and regulatory framework. Considering this, the construction of a new aggregated measure on the Gender Empowerment Enabling Environment of countries is suggested. Review` ?H Klasen, Stephan 2006O UNDP's Gender-related Measures: Some Conceptual Problems and Possible Solutions 243-274 Journal of Human Development 7 2 Taylor & Francisa GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Evaluation-Impact Analysis6 This paper critically reviews conceptual and empirical problems issues with the United Nations Development Programme's two gender-related indicators: the Gender-related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure. While supporting the need for gender-related development measures, the paper argues that there are serious conceptual and empirical problems with both measures that limit the usefulness of these composite indicators. Where appropriate and feasible, the paper suggests modifications to the measures that address some of the identified problems. Review?I Dijkstra, Geske A. 2006P Towards a Fresh Start in Measuring Gender Equality: A Contribution to the Debate 275-283 Journal of Human Development 7 2 Taylor & Francis5 GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Both the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) represent a “false start” in measuring gender equality. This is because they do not measure gender (in)equality as such, but an odd combination of absolute welfare levels and gender equality that is not easy to interpret. This note argues that the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report Office should take the lead in either constructing a new index for measuring gender equality or elaborating a revised GDI and revised GEM that do measure gender equality. Detailed recommendations are given for both possibilities on how this can be done, partly on the basis of a brief review of alternatives presented in the literature. Review ?J > Budlender, Debbie
Elson, Dianne
Hewitt,Guy
Mukhopadhyay, Tanni 2002 Gender Budgets Make Cents London Commonwealth Secretariat GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Fiscal Policies
GIPE/Field/Gender Budgets
GIPE/Field/Social Policies Compiled to provide a comprehensive understanding of gender responsive budgets, this text forms part of the activities under the inter-agency programme of the Commonwealth Secretariat, IDRC and UNIFEM. Gender responsive budgets provide a mechanism by which government, law-makers, civil society groups, donor and other development agencies can integrate a gender analysis into fiscal policies and budgets: revenue-raising measures and public expenditure allocations. A gender responsive budget is not a separate budget for women but an attempt to disaggregate expenditure and revenue according to their different impacts on women and men. Divided into four sections, the book provides the conceptual and theoretical framework, traces the evolution of work in this area, assesses the role of different stakeholders and highlights lessons learned to date. It is aimed at anyone interested in strengthening the links between economic and social policy outcomes and promoting the complementarity of growth and equity, especially those in government agencies, policy makers, researchers, academics and civil society groups, in particular women's organizations. Review E?K Norton, Andy
Elson, Diane 2002U What’s Behind the Budget? Politics, Rights and Accountability in the Budget Process London Overseas Development Instituteq GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Fiscal Policies
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Gender Budgets The donor literature on Public Expenditure Management focuses largely on procedural and technical adjustments to policy and budget systems themselves. The review of material presented here suggests that – necessary as this work is – it needs to be accompanied by a broader understanding of the political context, and more emphasis on the spaces and capacities needed for civil society to ask questions of public policy and implementation systems, and the capacity of the disadvantaged to make claims for service outcomes. (ODI) Review~?M " Benería, Lourdes
Bisnath, Savitri 2004B Global Tensions: Challenges and Opportunities in the World Economy London Routledge GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations] Violent anti-globalization protests in Seattle and Genoa focused attention on the growing resistance to free trade and the world's market economy. Global Tensions takes a close look at the challenges posed by the processes of globalization at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Composed of original essays by renowned scholars, this volume explores controversial topics such as free trade, women's rights, labor standards, and the World Trade Organization. Each of the authors presents a critical evaluation of globalization and its ramifications, including problems that have yet to be addressed. Review OD?N Elson, Diane 2004E Human Rights and Corporate Profits: The Case of the UN Global CompactB Global Tensions: Challenges and Opportunities in the World Economy! Beneria, Lourdes
Bisnath, Savitri London Routledgec GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs %D?O Elson, Diane 2005, Women’s Rights and Engendering DevelopmentA Feminist Economics and the World Bank: History, Theory and Policy! Kuiper, Edith
Barker, Drucilla K. London RoutledgeS GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/International Organizations ?P Elson, Diane 2004^ Social Policy and Macroeconomic Performance: integrating “the economic” and “the social" 63-79& Social Policy in a Development Context Mkandawire, Thandika
Houndsmill Palgravea GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/Social Policiesl Drawing upon both conceptual and empirical evidence, this volume argues the case for the centrality of social policy in development, focusing particularly on the message that social policy needs to be closely intertwined with economic policy. It is argued that social policy can provide the crucial link between economic development poverty eradication and equity. Review?Q Elson, Diane 2004A Engendering Government Budgets in the Context of Globalization(s) 623-642* International Feminist Journal of Politics 6 4 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Gender Budgets
GIPE/Field/Fiscal Policies
GIPE/Field/Social Policies This article considers the strengths and weaknesses of attempts to 'engender' government budgets in the context of globalization, drawing on my own personal engagement in such attempts, and on the work of many gender budget initiatives (GBIs) all around the world. GBIs have sought to improve the distribution, adequacy and impact of government budgets at national, regional and local levels; and to secure greater transparency in the use of public money; and greater accountability to women as citizens. Their spread has itself been an example of globalization, in this case the globalization of action for gender justice; facilitated by e-mail, the Internet and air travel; supported by international foundations and international development cooperation funds. But, it may be argued, GBIs have begun to engage with government budgets just at the time when governments, especially in the South, have less and less control over public finance decisions, due to other aspects of globalization. This article considers whether there is any point in GBIs if economic power lies in international markets, rather than in the Ministry of Finance, and draws on examples from a wide variety of countries. Review D?R Robeyns, Ingrid 2007! When will society be gender just? The Future of Gender Brown, Jude Cambridge Cambridge University PressU GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Discrimination D?S Robeyns, Ingrid 2007/ Sen's Capability Approach and Feminist Concerns< The Capability Approach: Concepts, Measures and Applications0 Alkire, Sabina
Comim, Flavio
Qizilbash, Mozaffar Cambridge Cambridge University Press ?T - Robeyns, Ingrid
Agarwal, Bina
Humphries, Jane 20052 Amartya Sen's Work and Ideas: A Gender Perspective
London/ NY Routledge GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations The volume examines Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen's ideas through the lens of gender. Renowned for his humanitarian approach to economics, his contributions have been crucial to the development of several aspects of feminist economics and gender analysis, This book outlines the range and usefulness of his work from a gender perspective while also exploring some of its silences and implicit assumptions.
The result is a collection of groundbreaking and insightful essays which cover major topics in Sen's work, such as the capability approach, freedom, social choice, justice, agency, "missing women", and development and well-being. Perspectives have been drawn from both developing and developed countries, with most of the authors applying Sen's concepts to cultural, geographic and historical contexts which differ from his original applications. (http://www.ingridrobeyns.nl/Downloads/FlyerSenBook.pdf) Review ?U Robeyns, Ingrid 2005- The Capability Approach: A Theoretical Survey 93-114 Journal of Human Development 6 1]?K Wichterich, Christa 20009 The Globalized Woman: Reports from a Future of Inequality London Zed Booksq GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/World Market
GIPE/Field/SAP-Structural Adjustment
Gipe/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Production
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economicsk Globalization creates growth without jobs in the North, structural adjustment in the South, privatization in the East and the dismantling of states everywhere. The author of this extraordinary book uses a mixture of case studies, examples and quotations to illustrate some hard facts. She looks at women across the world to show how their lives have been turned upside down, by industrialization in the South and a return to homeworking in the North. From New York to Phnom Penh, from Moscow to Dakar, we see the devastating effects of the unfettered power of transnational corporations on women’s lives. (amazon.com)^? + Corley, Marva
Perardel, Yves
Popova, Kalina 2005B Wage inequality by gender and occupation: A cross-country analysis Geneva ILO GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative ILO >? # Rahman, Rushidan Islam
Otobe, Naoko 2005\ The dynamics of the labour market and employment in Bangladesh: A focus on gender dimensions GenevaZ ILO, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/download/esp2005-13.pdf (03/05/07) GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
Country/Asia ILOT http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/download/esp2005-13.pdf (12/8/06) see: ILO_Rahman_2005 ;?[ = Bloom, Dan
Farrell, Mary
Fink, Barbara
Adams-Ciardullo, Diana 2002L Welfare Time Limits: State Policies, Implementation, and Effects on Families Washington, D.C._ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.mdrc.org/publications/51/full.pdf (28.4.2007)z GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative[ Few features of the 1990s welfare reforms have generated as much attention and controversy as time limits on benefit receipt. Time limits first emerged at the state level and subsequently became a central feature of federal welfare policy in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), which imposed a 60-month time limit on federally funded assistance for most families.
To inform discussions about the reauthorization of PRWORA, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services contracted with the Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation (MDRC) to conduct a comprehensive review of what is known about time limits. The project included a survey of state welfare agencies (conducted for MDRC by The Lewin Group), site visits to examine the implementation of time limits, and a review of research on time limits. Review< http://www.mdrc.org/publications/51/overview.html (2/8/2006) ?
Heintz, James 2006N Globalization, economic policy and employment: Poverty and gender implications Genevan International Labour Organisation www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/download/esp2006-3.pdf (3/05/07) GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade The study demonstrates how the labour market and the world of work in general are clearly sex-disaggregated and how important it is to undertake analysis of the impact of macroeconomic policies on growth, employment and poverty reduction, with specific consideration of such segmentation. The study also demonstrates how different aspects of macroeconomic policies affect women's and men's work differently. The relevant implications should be taken into consideration for the formulation of economic and employment policies, adapting them to different economic disposition and evolution episode of various economies, as well as relative location of women and men in the world of work of that particular country.
The findings of this report suggest that the dominant economic policy regime will have to change if the problems of jobless growth are to be addressed. The current policy framework stresses a macroeconomic stability, freer markets, a smaller role for the public sector and uninhibited international flows of capital and goods, but not extending the same privilege to labour. Fortunately, alternatives exist that secure economic stability without sacrificing the welfare of working people or entrenching existing gender inequalities [...] (Foreword) ILOS http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/download/esp2006-3.pdf (12/8/06) see: ILO_Heintz_2006 ?R " Dar, Pamela
Save-Soderbergh, Jenny 1997k Women and Men in the Era of Trade Liberalization and Globalization. An ICDA Outline for Research and Action 119-140/ Women and Sustainability in International Trade Haxton, Eva
Olsson, Claes UppsalaJ Global Publications Foundation and International Coalition for Development GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations This article provides a framework of analysis of the effects of trade on women, pinpoints
areas for further research, and gives some policy recommendations. The basic claim in the
discussion is that women and men are differently impacted by global economic restructuring, as a
result of their gender specific roles. The article opens with an examination of trade related job
openings for women in the industrial, services and agricultural sectors. In regard to industrial
production, the female share of the labor force in Export Processing Zones (EPZ) is estimated to
sixty percent, which equals 2.6 million women workers worldwide. The majority of the workers are
young and from rural areas. Working conditions are poor. It is argued that increased trade
liberalization is undermining the competitive advantage of investing in EPZ's, and that companies
increasingly begin to employ sub-contracting activities, often in the informal sector, as response to
these changes. Labor informalization increases the challenge for trade unions to help exploited
workers. The service sector, which is considered a poorly explored research area, is seen as
promising in terms of job creation and job quality, but less promising in the sense of only allowing
relatively educated women to benefit. In regard to the agricultural sector, the article considers
employment opportunities for women in cash crop, as well as import displacement of women's
subsistence farming. The shift from food crop to cash crop creates food insecurity, which in turn
causes migration and malnutrition. Malnutrition is especially severe among women and girl
children as a result of gendered distribution of food in the family. In the final section, social/gender
clauses and codes of conduct are compared in terms of capacity to protect labor rights. None of the
strategies are considered very effective as tools for improving working conditions. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization, United Nations Publications, 2003.) ?a
Hodges, Sarah 2007 forthcomingZ Contraception's Voluntary Empire: Health and Society in India Before the Development State Ashgate AldershotU GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Health
Country/Asia ?b
Hodges, Sarah 2006> Reproductive Health in India: History, Politics, Controversies Delhi Orient Longman] GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Health
Country/Asia
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science ?W Elson, Diane 1999S Labor Markets as Gendered Institutions: Equality, Efficiency and Empowerment Issues 611-627 World Development 27 3N GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment This article discusses the gendered nature of labor markets and the links between gender
equality, economic efficiency, and women’s empowerment, in the context of recent labor market
trends. The author argues that some scholars have been overly optimistic in regard to the
implications of recent changes in the labor market for women. The trend of increasing female labor
force participation must be balanced against trends of employment displacements, indirect impacts
and changes in the quality of women’s paid work. Impacts such as the creation of a double
workday, increases in men’s violence against women, and reductions in male family support must
also be taken into account, it is argued. The author also finds that some scholars have drawn
mistaken conclusions about women’s empowerment, from statistics of diminishing wage gaps.
These statistics might be based on situations of “down-ward harmonization” rather than “up-ward
harmonization” in gender equality. That is, the convergences are the result of worsened male labor
standards rather than of improved conditions for women. She emphasizes the need for gender
analyses of changes in gender wage gaps, as opposed to analyses focusing exclusively on women. It
is also argued that data on reduced occupational segregation between men and women must be
balanced against data on changes in vertical power relations in the labor market, before it can be
concluded that gender inequality has decreased. The author highlights the challenge of achieving
gender equality when gender inequality benefits both male individuals and other economic actors.
She explains the perseverance of inequality by placing the economic rationality of the "common
good" in reducing gender inequalities (macro-efficiency) against the economic rationality of
households, enterprises, and comfortable men etc. (micro-efficiency) (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization, United Nations Publications, 2003.)?X Evers, Barbara 19998 Engendering the Trade Policy Review Mechanism of the WTO 91-99 Gender Focus on the WTO Haxton, Eva
Olsson, Claes UppsalaJ Global Publications Foundation and International Coalition for Development GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Gender MainstreamingI This paper argues that gender matters in the making of international trade, and explores how
gender awareness could be incorporated into the policy making of the World Trade Organization
(WTO). The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) of the WTO, is considered a good starting
point for gender mainstreaming the organization. The TPRM is constituted by three pillars. The
first covers the issue of domestic transparency and the second and the third focus on the
international economy, WTO, and member states policies and practices. The third pillar is
identified as the most interesting from a gender point of view, as it opens up a possibility for gender
sensitive impact assessments of trade liberalization. The paper presents a checklist of macro, meso
and micro considerations for a gender-sensitive national framework for trade policy reviews.
Capacity building in gender analysis among relevant policy makers of the WTO is considered a
precondition for the successful reform of the TPRM. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization, United Nations Publications, 2003.) ?f
Hodges, Sarah 2004G Governmentality, Population and the Reproductive Family in Modern India 1157-1163 Economic and Political Weekly 39 11Y GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Governance
Country/Asia QD?h Truong, ThanhDam 1996B Serving the Tourist Market: Female Labour in International Tourism Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader Jackson, Stevi
Scott, Sue Edinburgh Edinburgh University Pressz GIPE/Field/Sex Work
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body ?U Dewan, Ritu 1999G Gender Implications of the 'New' Economic Policy: A Conceptual Overview 425-429Q Women's Studies International Forum (special issue on feminism and globalization) 22 4 GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/Asia This article examines Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) from a gender perspective,
drawing from the recent economic history of India. It is argued that adjustment has gender
asymmetric effects and that the negative impacts of adjustment outbalance the positive effects on
women in India. Women in India increasingly share the harsh experiences of adjustment of African
and Latin American and Caribbean women. The author especially discusses the gendered effects of
import liberalization and labor informalization. It is argued that the growing demand for labor
flexibility under globalization has aggravated the disposable nature of female labor. Women are
progressively being pushed out of the organized sector, and increasingly drawn into the production
process through subcontracting arrangements in the informal sector (the 'de-industrialization
process'). Simultaneously, adjustment policies move over the cost of social services to the family
unit, i.e. to the care giving woman. The author questions the legitimacy of the present development
model and calls for a new model of market analysis that recognizes that the production system of
material goods relies on women’s unpaid work, i.e. that patriarchy is fully integrated with the
present production system. Such an approach, it is argued, is especially crucial for the
understanding of non-capitalist, underdeveloped countries such as India. The author especially
stresses the importance of performing meso level analysis (norms and social networks, institutions)
as this helps reveal the male-biased nature of economic policy making. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization, United Nations Publications, 2003.)k?o Truong, ThanhDam 1999P The Underbelly of the Tiger: Gender and the Demystification of the Asian Miracle 133-165) Review of International Political Economy 6 2 London Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Technology
GIPE/Field/Transformation
Country/Asia This article analyses the Asian miracle both as an ideological construct and as an empirical experience. As an ideological construct, the Asian miracle can best be understood in the context of the western construction of Otherness. Such a construction is an expression of a complex web of power relations forged mainly by a struggle between east and west over industrial achievement, the meaning of industrial progress and governance. As an empirical experience, industrialization in East Asia may be apprehended through gender as a key organizing principle manifested in a four-tier system of industrial work. Industrial strategies in East Asia have been deployed in conjunction with reproductive strategies which correspond to the specificities of capital formation and degree of capital technology intensity. The emerging social patterns since the crisis began in 1997 indicate that gradual changes which have taken place in the political economy of women's labour in East Asia have not necessarily altered a gender order governed by cultural conservatism which privileges males over females. A female gaze on the relation between economy and polity may contribute to the redesign of development policy along norms and values that can promote more gender-balanced and humane societies. Review D?n Truong, ThanhDam 20031 The Human Rights Question in the Global Sex TradeO Responding to the Human Rights Deficit: Essays in Honour of Bas de Gaay Fortman Arts, Karin
Mihyo, Paschal The Hague; London; Boston Kluwer Law International GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Field/Law
GIPE/Field/Sex Work% Despite the existence of a wide range of human rights instruments and procedures, human rights violations still abound. The authors of this book address this so-called human rights deficit, and the possible responses to it, from various disciplinary angles and mostly in the context of development. They explore the reasons for the continuation of economic, social and/or political exclusion and human rights violations at large. They also present keys for redressing the human rights deficit. The role of law, and questions of universality, inclusion and exclusion are central themes in this book. The need to take up civil and political rights and economic social and cultural rights on equal footing is recognized by several of the authors, and so is that of bridging the public-private divide. Specific contributions address among others the importance of human rights training and education, the role of NGO's in a globalizing world, minorities, gender and women's rights, accountability of multinational corporations, and the problem of human trafficking. ReviewD?k Truong, ThanhDam 1999" Gender and International Migration Gender and Migration Willis, Katie
Yeoh, Brenda
Chelenham, UK Edward Elgar_ GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Space-Geography Gender and Migration is the latest volume in `The International Library of Studies on Migration'. It deals with gender roles, relations and the construction of gender identities, and does so at the household, local and global levels, all crucial for the analysis of migration. Throughout the volume, the emphasis is on the different ways men and women in diverse geographical contexts and at different historical moments have been involved in various forms of migration. Review ?m Truong, ThanhDam 1996p Gender, International Migration and Social Reproduction: Implications for Theory, Policy Research and Networking 27-52 Asia-Pacific Migration Journal 5 1c GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies This paper aims to contribute to the development of an analytical framework that provides the space for the understanding of female migrants as reproductive workers in a cross-national transfer of labor. It will first provide some hypothetical guidelines for the explanation of female migration in the context of reproductive labor. Based on accessible data, a discussion on the case of Japan will be presented to highlight the main issues and problems concerning female migrants as reproductive workers. Finally, implications on policy-making and networking at the international and national level will be analyzed and discussed, taking into account the specific ideological, political and socioeconomic constraints ?p Harrison, Graham 2004Q Global Encounters: International Political Economy, Development and Globalisation London Palgraved GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs International donors have begun to engage increasingly with faith groups and leaders in programmes of social and economic development. This book examines the role faith based organizations play as conduits of international aid flows; providers of services such as health and education on which the poor rely; and as civil society actors. It also considers their potential limitations and sectoral failings, as part of an exercise to analytically place the FBO in international development. Review ?Q Chambers, Julia 2000 Gender & Globalisation and Trade Liberalisation and Gender Equality. Background Paper to inform Chapter 2 of the UK Government 's second White Paper "Eliminating World Poverty: Making Globalization Work for the Poor" Londonr The UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID), with Institute of Development Studies/BRIDGE.n GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations This paper presents a review of the available data on the gender differentiated labor impacts
of trade liberalization in developing countries. The literature is found to overemphasize the
empowerment potential of trade related work for women. The author argues that although women
have been incorporated into paid employment in greater numbers than men during the past 20
years, the work available to women is of very poor quality and therefore not very empowering. It is
also argued that women bear the brunt of economic restructuring as they are concentrated in sectors
vulnerable to disruptive impacts, such as in subsistence farming and the informal sector. Women
are also considered more vulnerable to labor flexibilization and to technological advancements,
which tend to undermine the gains women have made in the labor market. The author calls for
more research on the impacts of globalization in the informal sector and for studies that take into
account changes in reproductive work and inter-household resource allocation. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization: an annotated bibliography, United Nations Publications, 2003.) Y?s 9 Krüger, Helga
Marshall, Victor
Heinz, Walter
Verma, Anil 2001& Restructuring Work and the Life Course Toronto Toronto University Press GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Transformation
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Major economic, technological and demographic forces are combining to influence the ways in which the very structures of people's lives are changed by the work they do. The major defining features of life course, including patterns of entry to and exit from work, are shifting, as is the very nature of jobs and careers. In this multidisciplinary collection of essays, forty-eight social scientists from seven countries examine changes in the organization of work and their impact on people at various stages of the life course.
In seeking to consolidate and advance life course theory, the four editors of this volume have sought out and encouraged a wide range of approaches to life course theorizing, methodologies, and research designs. The contributing scholars examine the influence of economic, technological, and demographic forces on public, corporate, and union policies concerning the organisation of work. The topics covered include: education, labour market change, and transitions in the earlier and middle stages of the working life course; later life transitions in relation to the restructuring of work, and retirement transitions; and various aspects of the relationship between individual biography and social structure, with close attention to gender and family issues over the life course. Review ?t Krüger, Helga
Levy, Rene 2001f Linking Life Courses, Work, and the Family – Theorizing a not so Visible Nexus between Women and Men 145–166< Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers Canadiens de Sociology 26 2P GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Institutionsv Is there a theoretical link between the gendering of life courses, worklife, and family participation? Is the "primary group" family to be considered part of the social structure? Is it passively exposed to its influences without any autonomy, is it rather an exclave from it, or is it an indispensable focus for understanding the social positioning of women and men? Most sociological analyses of social stratification, with their primary orientation on occupation, view the family - if they consider it at all - as hardly more than an alternative sampling unit, or at best as a rather secondary individual status variable ("marital status"). Conversely, family sociology pays more attention to social stratification, but here again, only few theoretical attempts focus the relationship between family and stratification. Life course research, if it is not practiced as an extension of the status attainment paradigm, has a bias similar to that of stratification research: the family is largely approached as a women's (problem) area, irrelevant to men's trajectories. In order to overcome the epistemological limitations imposed by the traditional separation of these fields of inquiry, our contribution offers an institution-oriented attempt at linking the dynamics of life courses, family, work participation and gender. Not only interacting individuals are doing gender, but also institutions. Reviewy?u ' Davies, Lorraine
Carrier, Patricia Jane 1999F The Importance of Power Relations for the Division of Household Labour 35-51< Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers Canadiens de Sociology 24 18 GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics] This article examines the division of housework in dual-earner households. We hypothesize that power relations affect the amount of household work that is performed by women and men. We find that paid work hours, sex composition of one’s occupation, and decision-making power predict one’s contribution to housework. Results differ depending upon whether wives or husbands, male- or female-tasks are examined. Findings are interpreted within a framework that recognizes that power relations are implicated in the gendered nature of social life, at both the structural and individual levels of society. Review?v Krüger, Helga
Baldus, Bernd 1999O Work, Gender and the Life Course: Social Construction and Individual Experience 355–379! The Canadian Journal of Sociology 24 3 GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
Country/Germany This paper examines the impact of family and labour market on male and female life course patterns. For women in particular, aggregate survey data have often suggested orderly, phased transitions between family and work. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods reveals not only a much greater discontinuity in women’s life courses, but sheds light on the hidden “normality assumptions” that affect women’s self-perceptions and shape their work histories. Data come from two German research projects. One followed the life sequences of women — now in their 60s — between the years 1949 and 1991. The other examined the life course data of their husbands. Reviewd ?w Krüger, Helga 1999H Gender and Skills. Distributive Ramifications of the German Skill System 189-227O The German Skills Machine. Sustaining Comparative Advantage in a Global Economy$ Culpepper, Pepper D.
Finegold, David New York/ Oxford
Berghan Books GIPE/Discipline/Economics
Country/Germany
GIPE/Field/Education-Higher Education
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Transformation In recent years the German economy has grown sluggishly and created few new jobs. These developments have led observers to question the future viability of a model that in the past seemed able to combine economic growth, competitiveness in export markets, and low social inequality. This volume brings together empirical and comparative research from across the social sciences to examine whether or not Germany's system of skill provision is still capable of meeting the economic and social challenges now facing all the advanced capitalist economies. At issue is the question of whether or not the celebrated German training system, an essential element of the high-skill, high-wage equilibrium, can continue to provide the skills necessary for German companies to hold their economic niche in a world characterized by increasing trade and financial interdependence. Combining an examination of the competitiveness of the German training system with an analysis of the robustness of the political institutions that support it, this volume seeks to understand the extent to which the German system for imparting craft skills can adjust to changes in the organization of production in the advanced industrial states. Review?x Schunter-Kleemann, Susanne 2000D Gender mainstreaming as a strategy for modernising gender relations? 79-85, Family issues between gender and generations
Trnka, Sylvia
Luxembourgq European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs/European Observatory on Family MattersL GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics D?y Schunter-Kleemann, Susanne 2002X Gender and Power - The European Union as a Masculine Project of Supranational GovernmentG Societies in Transition - Challenges to Women´s and and Gender Studies Fleßner, Heike
Potts, Lydia Opladen~ GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Susanne Schunter-Kleemann untersucht die Europäische Integration als ein historisch neuartiges Projekt maskuliner Herrschaft und Kultur. Ihr besonderes Interesse gilt dem Beziehungsgeflecht, dass sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zwischen den Nationalstaaten, den supranationalen
europäischen Behörden und den transnationalen Unternehmen herausgebildet hat. Neben dem Versuch, die Ordnung und die Dynamik der Kooperationsbeziehungen zwischen Markt und (Supra-) Staatlichkeit zu verstehen, die mit der transnationalen Verflechtung einhergehen, geht es auch darum, die besonderen Konstellationen der geschlechtlichen Ungleichheit, des Ausschlusses und der Marginalisierung von Frauen – bei gleichzeitiger rechtlicher und rhetorischer Repräsentanz – in den Blick zu nehmen. ?|
Lenz, Ilse 19956 Geschlecht, Herrschaft und internationale Ungleichheit 19-47C Das Geschlechterverhältnis als Gegenstand der Sozialwissenschaften* Becker-Schmidt, Regina
Knapp, Gudrun Axeli Frankfurt; New York Campus*?} Braig, Marianne 20036 Frauen in Lateinamerika – ein ungenutztes Potential? 147-166/ Demokratie und Marktwirtschaft in Lateinamerika# Nohlen, Dieter
Sangmeister, Hartmut München C.H.BeckP GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Development
Country/Latin America-Carribean ;?~ Braig, Marianne
Wölte, Sonja 2002P Common Ground or Mutual Exclusion? Women’s Movements in International Relation London, New York Zed Booksm GIPE/Field/Women's Movements
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory To what extent, and how, can women's movements influence the international political agenda? The contributors to this book explore the impacts women have made in development theory and practice, conflict management, and the conceptualization and politics of human rights. They reflect on whether the traditionally male-defined discipline of international relations has taken on board feminist thinking and address various questions including: is the radical potential of social movements and feminist critiques being lost as entry points into national or international politics are opened up?; has today's feminist scholarship become isolated from women's movements and politics?; and what are the differences in perspective and political positions between women in the north and in the south? Review ? Maiguashca, Bice
Johnson, Mairi 1997R Praxis and Emancipation: The Lessons of Feminist Theory in International Relations 27-41$ Swedish Journal of Political Science 100 1C GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theoryx D? Maiguashca, Bice 1999M Theorising Politics in 'No Man's Land': The Fourth Debate and Feminist Theory4 Confronting the Political in International Relations Neufeld, Beverley
Ebata, Michi London Macmillan Presse GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory This volume confronts the meaning of politics in international relations. While it seems unnecessary to state that politics is embedded in international relations, it is important to explore how politics informs the discipline and what limits are placed on the political. Looking at themes as wide-ranging as culture, globalization, the state and citizenship, the authors show that international relations not only has much to gain from a reconsideration of politics, but that there is also much that international relations has to offer. Review ? # Hafner-Burton, Emilie
Pollack, Mark 2002) Mainstreaming Gender in Global Governance 339-373+ European Journal of International Relations 8 3 GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements, In this article, we seek to explain both the origins of gender mainstreaming as a `policy frame' in International Relations, as well as the variable implementation of mainstreaming over time and across various international organizations. We emphasize that in the years since the UN Fourth World Women's Conference in Beijing (1995), mainstreaming has been endorsed and adopted not only by European organizations and governments, but also by nearly every important international organization, and we compare the adoption and implementation of mainstreaming in two international organizations, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme. We suggest, however, that the rhetorical acceptance of mainstreaming by various international organizations obscures considerable diversity in both the timing and the nature of mainstreaming processes within and among organizations. This variation, we argue, can be explained in terms of the categories of political opportunity, mobilizing structures and strategic framing put forward by social movement theorists. ReviewP ? True, Jacqui
Mintrom, Michael 2001M Transnational Networks and Policy Diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming 27–57 International Studies Quaterly 45 1 GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Institutions
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Women's Movement
GIPE/Field/Governance How can we account for the global diffusion of remarkably similar policy innovations across widely differing nation-states? In an era characterized by heightened globalization and increasingly radical state restructuring, this question has become especially acute. Scholars of international relations offer a number of theoretical explanations for the cross-national convergence of ideas, institutions, and interests. We examine the proliferation of state bureaucracies for gender mainstreaming. These organizations seek to integrate a gender-equality perspective across all areas of government policy. Although they so far have received scant attention outside of feminist policy circles, these mainstreaming bureaucracies-now in place in over 100 countries-represent a powerful challenge to business-as-usual politics and policymaking. As a policy innovation, the speed with which these institutional mechanisms have been adopted by the majority of national governments is unprecedented. We argue that transnational networks composed largely of nonstate actors (notably women's international nongovernmental organizations and the United Nations) have been the primary forces driving the diffusion of gender mainstreaming. In an event history analysis of 157 nation-states from 1975 to 1998, we assess how various national and transnational factors have affected the timing and the type of the institutional changes these states have made. Our findings support the claim that the diffusion of gender-mainstreaming mechanisms has been facilitated by the role played by transnational networks, in particular by the transnational feminist movement. Further, they suggest a major shift in the nature and the locus of global politics and national policymaking. Review` ? 3 Jacobs, Susie M.
Jacobson, Ruth
Marchbank, Jennifer 2000 States of Conflict Zed BooksG GIPE/Field/Conflict-War
GIPE/Field/Violence
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory The volume will make links, in an non-simplistic way, between conflicts at the international, national, community, and household levels. It recognizes the enduring relevance of factors such as the exclusion of women from the public sphere and militarized constructions of masculinity to present-day examples of gendered violence. At the same time, it raises awkward questions about women's agency in these contexts. Review F? Bretherton, Charlotte 2001C Gender mainstreaming and EU enlargement: swimming against the tide?! Journal of European Public Policy 8 1 RoutledgeW GIPE/Field/EU-Enlargement
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europe Despite a commitment by the European Union (EU) to integrate gender equality in all its activities, mainstreaming has been notably absent from policies towards Central and East European countries (CEEC) during the pre-accession period. The significance of the gender dimension in the context of enlargement is demonstrated, with some emphasis on the Polish case. Impediments to implementation of mainstreaming strategies within the EU are then examined. It is concluded that enlargement policy is illustrative of a conflict between ideas and interests which serves to inhibit institutionalization of mainstreaming principles and practices, not only in relation to enlargement but across EU policy areas and beyond. Review ? Aharoni, Sarai
Deeb, Rula 2006w Where are all the women? U.N. Security Council Resolution 1325: Gender Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Haifa Isha L Isha Haifa Feminist Center, Kayan Feminist Organization, www.peacewomen.org/resources/OPT/IshalIsha1325Report2003.pdf (28.4.2007) GIPE/Field/Conflict-War
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/Violence
Country/Middle-Far-East
GIPE/Field/Education-Higher Education
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements# In April 2003, Isha lIsha - Haifa Feminist Center and Kayan - Feminist Organization organized the first national conference addressing the relevance of Resolution 1325 to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This collection of essays is based on lectures that were given during that conference and provides basic information about the resolution, explains its relevance to the Israel-Palestinian conflict and outlines attempts made by Israeli and Palestinian organizations to call for its implementation in the region. The essays also reveal the gendered aspects of human rights violations and describe the effects of regional armed conflict on the daily lives of Palestinian and Israeli women - including its impact on health, education and personal security. All essays are in English, Arabic and Hebrew. Review ? Elson, Diane
Keklik, Hande 2003$ Progress of the World’s Women 2002 1-68 New York UNIFEM GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Field/Education-Higher Education
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Health Compares progress of women to the promises of the Millennium Development Goals
*Shows civil society’s efforts to promote gender equality
*Graphs out comprehensive and comparative data
*Recommends new techniques to track progress more clearly
This book explores the challenges of tracking and determining progress for woman relative to the commitments made to women in the Millennium Development Goals of 2000. It outlines goals, targets, and indicators using comparative data. It charts the share of female literacy, enrollment in education, wage employment, seats in government, and those living with HIV/AIDS. Finally it points out innovations in measuring and monitoring gender equality around the world. Review#F?F Hale, Angela 2004u Globalised production and networks of resistance: Women Working Worldwide and new alliances for the dignity of labour+ Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies 8 1+2 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
GIPE/FIELD/CILVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
GIPE/FIELD/TRADE
GIPE/FIELD/WORLD MARKET
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/NORTH-SOUTH RELATIONS
GIPE/FIELD/Corporate Governance-ResponsibilityX This article uses as its starting point the global networking activities of Women Working Worldwide, a small women's organisation based in the UK but working with an international network of women workers' groups, mainly in Asia but also Africa, Central America and Eastern Europe. These are groups supporting women who have been drawn into export production, working in factories supplying the world market with consumer goods such as clothing and footwear. It recounts the organising strategies of these groups and how this has led to the emergence of local and international networks supporting women workers' rights not just as workers but also as women. It looks at how these groups have linked with Northern based campaigns, such as the Clean Clothes Campaign, and how together they have exposed the abuse of workers' in international supply chains and so prompted a response from MNCs in the form of "corporate social responsibility". In particular, the article considers the networking activity of Women Working Worldwide itself and whether involvement in the development of the UK Ethical Trading Initiative provides possibilities for utilising the power of international networking. It raises the particular problems presented by the global increase in subcontracting which separates workers from one another and makes organising even more difficult. At the same time, it highlights the inventiveness of women's organisations in developing new and effective forms of resistance, and examines the potential for bringing these together with more traditional forms of trade union organising. (Women Working Worldwide) F? Elson, Diane
Gideon, Jasmine 2004 Organising for Women’s Economic and Social Rights: How useful is the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights?+ Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies 8 1+2 (double issue) GIPE/Field/Women's Movement
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Economic GovernanceT This article explores the potential strengths and weaknesses of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) as a focus for women's international organising to claim economic and social rights. The article charts the ways in which international women's groups have engaged with the UN human rights system and through an examination of feminist critiques of the ICESCR it proposes some strategies for civil society organisations to draw on to ensure the realisation of their economic and social rights. The article argues that there is a need to directly challenge the economic policies that hinder the realisation of their economic and social rights. Linkages between legal activists, feminist scholars and grassroots mobilisations for economic and social justice need to be strengthened if such goals are to be achieved. Review ?P Carty, Victoria 1997 Ideologies and Forms of Domination in the Organization of the Global Production and Consumption of Goods in the Emerging Postmodern Era: A Case Study of Nike Corporation and the Implications for Gender 189-201 Gender, Work and Organization 4 4G GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Theory/Other
GIPE/Discipline/Economics This paper uses a case study of Nike Corporation to examine some of the contradictory
gender-based ideologies involved in the two main processes of the production and consumption of
athletic footwear: manufacturing and advertising. It uses the newly developing paradigm within
world-system theory, a commodity chain analysis, to compare and contrast the social relations of
gender within each of these two segments at both the micro- and macro-level. Noting the increasing
importance of advertising and consumption patterns accompanying emerging post-industrial,
postmodern trends, this paper highlights the need for political economy analyses to address more
cautiously cultural, political and social factors involved in the production and consumption of
goods. This study employs an exploratory approach, using gender as a variable to detect linkages
between the economic and cultural realms at the individual and global level. Drawing on some of
the post-Marxist literature, it points to new potential for alliances in forging social change. The
main attempt is to expand upon development theory, which tends to neglect the role of gender,
while also expanding studies of gender by investigating gender issues within the framework of the
global political economy. (Abstract reproduced from journal)Y? Rai, Shirin 1998& Engendered Development in a Global Age Warwick9 Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Privatization-Commodification
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs In this paper I raise issues about the ways in which Globalisation is taking shape in the material world of economy, together with the changing rhetoric and repertoirs of social and cultural worlds, and where and how are men and women situated within these changeing and yet familiar worlds. I examine some current debates on the various levels of governance - the national, the international and the local. I suggest that a gendered analysis of the issues raised in these debates is important to examine the new opportunities opened up by the processes of Globalisation, and those that are closed off for both women and men. I conclude by examining how gender mediates with social positioning, the trajectory of the struggles within/ between national sovereign states, the homogenising forces of marketisation, and the success, or otherwise, of increasingly international social movements, and is important part of our understanding of Globalisation. www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CSGR ? Assad, Ragui
Arntz, Melanie 2004v Constrained Geographical Mobility and Gendered Labour Market Outcomes under Structural Adjustment: Evidence from Egypt 431-454 World Development 33 3 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Methodology/Interviews
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Migration We examine in this paper the evolution of gender gaps in labour market outcomes during structural adjustment and explore the extent to which widening gaps can be attributed to women's more limited geographical mobility. Using comparable household surveys carried out in 1988 and 1998, we show that gender gaps and access to wage and salary employment and in earnings have widened during this period, especially in the non-governmental sector. We attribute these changes, at least in part, to women's more limited geographical mobility. We show that women's commuting rates are not only much lower than those of men, but also have remained stagnant in a period where males were having to travel significantly more to obtain jobs outside the government. Review ? Wilson, Tamar Diana 2003c Forms of Male Domination and Female Subordination: Homeworkers versus Maquiladora Workers in Mexico 56-72% Review of Radical Political Economics 35 1 GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
Country/Latin America-CarribeanE Much of what is labelled "patriarchy" in the literature on women's subordination is more accurately described as "neo-patriarchy" and "phallocentrism". Neo-patriarchy arises when the nuclear family replaces the extended family as the norm and the male head of household is designated as breadwinner. Phallocentrism appears when women challenge male economic domination by entering the labour force and become subordinated due primarily to their sexuality rather than due to their reproductive functions. It is argued that home-based women workers in Mexico are enmeshed in sometimes contested new patriarchial relations, whereas maquiladora workers are in many cases "kept in place" through machismo phallocentrism on the part of managers, foreman, and male co-workers. In either case, capitalist enterprise gained a docile labour force. ReviewK? $ Busse, Matthias
Spielmann, Christian 2005 Gender Inequality and Trade> http://www.hwwa.de/Publikationen/Discussion_Paper/2005/308.pdf3 Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA) 308 Hamburg> http://www.hwwa.de/Publikationen/Discussion_Paper/2005/308.pdf` GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitativef The paper empirically explores the international linkages between gender inequality and trade flows of a sample of 92 developed and developing countries. The focus is on comparative advantage in labour-intensive manufactured goods. The results indicate that gender wage inequality is positively associated with comparative advantage in labour-intensive goods, that is, countries with a larger gender wage gap have higher exports of these goods. Also, gender inequality in labour force activity rates and educational attainment rates are negatively linked with comparative advantage in labour-intensive commodities. online> http://www.hwwa.de/Publikationen/Discussion_Paper/2005/308.pdf see Busse_HWWA_2005 ? / Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina 2000$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy London/ New York Macmillan/ St. Martins Press GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/TransformationJ This collection sets out how a gendered approach to political economy can help us understand the inherently gendered structures that characterise our society, and provide the foundation for a truly interdisciplinary social science. It provides a comprehensive coverage of gendered political economy - what it is, where it is and, perhaps more importantly, how it should develop. The twelve chapters that make up this volume combine the development of a theoretical framework with empirical examples, which illustrate the core concerns of gendered political economy. (Palgrave Macmillan) Uni Kassel Library ? Waylen, Georgina 20000 Gendered Political Economy and Feminist Analysis 14-38$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina London/ N.Y. Macmillan/ St. Martins Press GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Transformation Un i Kassel Library ? Humphries, Jane 2000A Rational Economic Families? Economics, the Family and the Economy 39-60$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina London/ N.Y. Macmillan/ St.Martins Press GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations Uni Kassel Library\ ? Gardiner, Jean 20007 Gender and the Family in the Formation of Human Capital 61-76$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina London/ N.Y. Macmillan/ St.Martins PressW GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Uni Kassel libraryD ? Elson, Diane 2000! Gender at the Macroeconomic Level 77-97$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina London/ N.Y. Macmillan/ St.Martins PressW GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics Uni Kassel libraryW? Lister, Ruth 20003 Inclusion/ Exclusion: The Janus Face of Citizenship 98-120$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina London/ N.Y. Macmillan/ St.Martins PressW GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory Uni Kassel Library ? Molyneux, Maxine 2000a Comparative Perspectives on Gender and Citizenship: Latin America and the former Socialist States 121-144$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina New York St.Martins Press GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison
Country/former SU
Country/Latin America-Carribean Uni Kassle Library? Cook, Joanne 2000R Flexible Employment - Implications for a Gendered Political Economy of Citizenship 145-164$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina London/ N.Y. Macmillan/ St. Martins Press GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory Uni Kassel Library 'D?
Walby, Sylvia 2000Z The Restructuring of the Gendered Political Economy: Transformations in Women's Employment$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina London/ N.Y. Macmillan/ St. Martins Press GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Privatization-Commodification
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Uni Kassel Library _? Smart, Carol 2000+ New Dimensions to Gendered Power Dimensions 188-204$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina New York St. Martins Presst GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory Uni Kassel Library a?
Piper, Nicola 2000P Globalisation, Gender and Migration: The Case of International Marriage in Japan 205-225$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina New York St. Martins PressP GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/Migration
Country/Asia Uni Kassel library?
Pearson, Ruth 2000K The Political Economy of Social Reproduction: The Case of Cuba in the 1990s 226-247$ Towards a Gendered Political Economy/ Cook, Joanne
Roberts, Jennifer
Waylen, Georgina London/ New York Macmillan/ St. Martins Pressp GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
Country/Latin America-Carribean Uni Kassel Library I? Tickner, Ann 2001H Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the post-Cold War Era New York Columbia University Presss GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Field/Conflict-War
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory2 Expanding on the issues she originally explored in her classic work, Gender in International Relations, J. Ann Tickner focuses her distinctively feminist approach on new issues of the international relations agenda since the end of the Cold War, such as ethnic conflict and other new security issues, globalizations, democratization, and human rights. As in her previous work, these topics are placed in the context of brief reviews of more traditional approaches to the same issues. She also looks at the considerable feminist work that has been published on these topics since the previous book came out.
Tickner highlights the misunderstandings that exist between mainstream and feminist approaches, and explores how these debates developed in the new environment of post--Cold War international relations. (Amazon) Reviewo? Perrons, Diane 2005b Gender Mainstraming and Gender Equality in the New (Market) Economy: An Analysis of Contradictions 389-411 Social Politics 12 3 GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Institutions
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study Gender mainstreaming now forms part of many national and supranational policies and is mandatory in development projects such as those financed by the EU structural funds and by the World Bank. Yet gender equality remains elusive. Recent studies have highlighted institutional barriers or resistances to gender mainstreaming. This article takes a rather different approach by developing a conceptualization of the new economy that highlights the market tendency toward widening gender and class inequalities. The implication of the analysis is that effective gender mainstreaming would require a broader and more holistic conceptualization of the economy in order to secure greater gender equality. The theoretical argument has relevance to countries seeking to develop knowledge-based economies. The policy discussion relates to the European Union, and the specific empirical illustration to London. This multi-scalar approach reflects the way that different policy frameworks and local situatedness mediate the global neo-liberal trajectory in different ways. If the current efforts to transform the European social model by more neo-liberal economic policies succeed, these UK findings may reflect the shape of things to come in Europe and perhaps elsewhere. Online 8 ? Braunstein, Elissa 2003$ Gender and Foreign Direct Investment 165-275 Handbook of Globalisation Michie, Jonathan
Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing| GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Finance-Financial Markets Review? j , Grown, Caren
Elson, Diane
Çağatay, Nilufer 2000 Introduction 1145-1156 World Development 28 7 GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Finance-Financial Markets
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade Review ? Kucera, David
Milberg, William 2000d Gender Segregation and Gender Bias in Manufacturing Trade Expansion: Revisiting the "Wood Asymmetry" 1191-1210 World Development 28 7< GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Production Review , ? Elson, Diane
Gideon, Jasmine 2006 Wirtschaftliche und soziale Rechte von Frauen – Nutzen und Grenzen des Internationalen Pakts über wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte 31-44 Widerspruch 50G GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy ? Gubitzer, Luise 2006i Wirtschaft ist mehr! – Sektorenmodell der Gesamtwirtschaft als Grundlage für Geschlechtergerechtigkeit 17-29 Widerspruch 509 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming ? Haug, Frigga 2006X Links und feministisch? – Feministische Kapitalismuskritik - Probleme und Perspektiven 87-98 Widerspruch 50W GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory%?
Strub, Silvia 2006j Noch ein weiter Weg zur Lohngleichheit – Zehn Jahre Gleichstellungsgesetz - Bilanz und nächste Schritte 113-124 Widerspruch 50v GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreamingm? 0 Gray, Mark
Kittilson, Miki Caul
Sandholtz, Wayne 2006> Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975–2000 293-333 International Organization 60 2 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Institutions
GIPE/Field/Women's Movement How do rising levels of international interconnectedness affect social, economic, and political conditions for women? Research on gender and international relations frequently offers clear propositions but seldom submits them to broad, quantitative testing. This article begins to fill that gap. We advance the hypothesis that, on balance and over time, increasing cross-national exchange and communication lead to improvements in women's status and equality. Economic aspects of globalization can bring new opportunities and resources to women. But equally important, globalization promotes the diffusion of ideas and norms of equality for women. In an analysis of 180 countries from 1975 to 2000, employing cross-sectional–time-series regression techniques, we examine the impact of several measures of globalization on women's levels of life expectancy, literacy, and participation in the economy and parliamentary office. International trade, foreign direct investment, membership in the United Nations (UN) and World Bank, and ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), are associated with improved conditions for women. online? Plümper, Thomas
Neumeyer, Eric 2006\ The Unequal Burden of War: The Effect of Armed Conflict on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy 723-754 International Organization 60 3r GIPE/Field/Conflict-War
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Discipline/Political ScienceJ Most combatants in armed conflict are men, so naturally men are the major direct victims of military operations. Yet armed conflicts have important indirect negative consequences on agriculture, infrastructure, public health provision, and social order. These indirect consequences are often overlooked and underappreciated. They also affect women—arguably more so than men. This article provides the first rigorous analysis of the impact of armed conflict on female life expectancy relative to male. We find that over the entire conflict period, interstate and civil wars on average affect women more adversely than men. In peacetime, women typically live longer than men. Hence, armed conflict tends to decrease the gap between female and male life expectancy. For civil wars, we also find that ethnic wars and wars in “failed” states are much more damaging to women than other civil wars. Our findings challenge policymakers as well as international and humanitarian organizations to develop policies that tackle the large indirect and long-term negative health impacts of armed conflicts. online '? Platek, Monika 20044 Hostages of destiny: gender issues in today's Poland 5-25 Feminist Review 76 1 GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/Transformation
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europe In an e-mail of June 2002, some women on Gender Link noticed that in Polish there is an expression, 'husband of trust', used to describe a person in the workplace appointed to represent workers' interests. This role is more often than not given to women, and yet they are called 'husbands of trust'. 'Isn't that strange,' they said. 'Isn't it time to change this?'. It is. The change in gender role identities has started with questioning the language. It has started with asking who has produced and is reproducing the language, and for whom. The journey has not stopped there. From looking at language it has continued through social stereotypes, work, labour, money and the division of power, and reached the law and legal system itself. In Poland, the path has been rather circuitous and uneasy for we are, more than many other countries, bound by Catholic tradition mingled with apparent freedom. We had the ethos of Solidarity, and Lech Wasa. Wasa had a badge of the Virgin Mary, Mother of Jesus on his jacket, which somehow helped label all Polish women, even those still very young, a 'Mother Pole'. To resist that identity one needed to look beneath the image and be brave enough to call oneself just a woman. This article will try to analyse that process. online yes (Platek_hostagesPoland_2004) _?
Goodey, Jo 2004 Sex trafficking in women from Central and East European countries: promoting a 'victim-centred' and 'woman-centred' approach to criminal justice intervention 26-45 Feminist Review 76 1 GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Sex Work
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/EU-Enlargement
GIPE/Field/Violence
GIPE/Field/Trade
Country/Europe
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europe Since the collapse of the Berlin wall, women and girls have been trafficked from central and eastern Europe to work as prostitutes in the European Union. This paper looks at the response of the international community to the problem of sex trafficking as it impacts on the EU. The focus is on criminal justice intervention with respect to protection of and assistance to 'victims', and a specially witness protection, in the light of the following: the tensions and promises between treatment of trafficked women as 'victims' of crime and criminal justice informants; and the need to re-focus on a 'woman-centred' approach to criminal justice intervention for trafficked women. Given the diverse nature of law and criminal justice practice between EU Member States, the paper necessarily presents a generic critique of current EU and international 'best practice' recommendations, with some commentary on practice based on the author's research, with respect to what 'gold standards' of practice offer in theory and what is delivered in reality. The question of 'victim-centred' justice and/or 'woman-centred' justice is raised in an effort to promote effective policy recommendations. online yes (Goodey_sextrafficking_2004) $ ? Milic, Andjelka 2004s The women's movement in Serbia and Montenegro at the turn of the millennium: A sociological study of women's groups 65-82 Feminist Review 76 1q GIPE/Field/Women's Movement
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europe This paper attempts to describe the present situation in the women's movement in Serbia and Montenegro and to tackle questions about its future, on the basis of a sociological study of newly formed women's groups. In the past, the women's movement in these societies has surged several times, only to be completely annulled, and its proponents falling to oblivion. Now, for the first time ever, the seeds of the movement originating from the long gone period of the socialist regime in Yugoslavia have survived the turmoil of disintegration and wars, and are germinating as women's groups and networks spring up alongside are being formed. The crucial task for the future will be strengthening this fragile and diffused network structure and laying down solid foundations for a movement with proper institutional mechanisms on a nation/state level. This investigation examined the prerequisites for this: firstly by examining the visibility and distinguishing features of women's groups and their activities in their current local environment; and secondly, by assessing activists' clear acceptance of feminist (and their groups') self-determination, which confront existing social attitudes towards feminist identities. In both respects, considerable advances towards a broader and clearer recognition of the aims and essence of women's groups' activities are identified, in spite of the ever-present traditional and ideological resistance to this type of women's engagement. online yes (Milic_women'smovement_2004)? Holmstrom, Nancy 2003L The Socialist Feminist Project: A Contemporary Reader in Theory and Politics New York Monthly Review Press GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Theory/Historical Materialism
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Socialist feminist theorizing is flourishing today. This collection is intended to shows its strengths and resources and convey a sense of it as an ongoing project. Not every contribution to that project bears the same theoretical label, but the writings collected here share a broad aim of understanding women’s subordination in a way which integrates class and gender-as well as aspects of women’s identity such as race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation-with the aim of liberating women.
The Socialist Feminist Project: A Contemporary Reader in Theory and Politics brings together the most important recent socialist feminist writings on a wide range of topics: sex and reproduction, the family, wage labor, social welfare and public policy, the place of sex and gender in politics, and the philosophical foundations of socialist feminism. Although focusing on recent writings, the collection shows how these build on a history of struggle.
These writings demonstrate the range, depth, and vitality of contemporary socialist feminist debates. They also testify to the distinctive capacity of this project to address issues in a way that embraces collective experience and action while at the same time enabling each person to speak in their own personal voice. Review ? Tickner, Ann 2005U What Is Your Research Program? Some Feminist Answers to IR's Methodological Questions 1-22 International Studies Quaterly 49 1 Blackwell GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Discipline/Philosophy of Science
GIPE/Methodology/Theory Methodological issues have constituted some of the deepest sources of misunderstanding between International Relations (IR) feminists and IR theorists working in social scientific frameworks. IR theorists have called upon feminists to frame their research questions in terms of testable hypotheses. Feminists have responded that their research questions cannot be answered using social science explanatory frameworks. Deep epistemological divisions about the construction and purpose of knowledge make bridging these methodological divides difficult. These epistemological standards lead feminists to very different methodological perspectives. Asking different questions from those typically asked in IR, many IR feminists have drawn on ethnographic, narrative, cross-cultural, and other methods that are rarely taught to students of IR, to answer them. Drawing on a range of interdisciplinary scholarship on feminist methodologies and some recent IR feminist case studies, this article analyzes and assesses how these methodological orientations are useful for understanding the gendering of international politics, the state and its security-seeking practices and its effects on the lives of women and men. online? Tickner, Ann 2004' The Gendered Frontiers of Globalization 15-23 Globalizations 1 1 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements Women are rarely to be found in the elite international corporate structure of the
globalizing economy. They are, however, an important component of the new mobile global
labor force. This article examines the pros and cons of economic globalization for women; in
particular, why so many women are disproportionately disadvantaged by the globalizing
forces associated with the neoliberal international economy. It also outlines some ways in
which women’s organizing at the grassroots, national and international levels is working
toward efforts to diminish gender hierarchies which have the effect of disempowering women
and contributing to economic inequalities more generally. online !? Tickner, Ann 1999S Why Women Can't Run the World: International Politics According to Francis Fukuyama 3-11 International Studies Review 1 3p GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Theory/Liberalism
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory onlineY? Tickner, Ann 19995 Feminist Perspectives on Security in a Global Economy 41-588 Globalization, Human Security and the African Experience Thomas, Caroline
Wilkin, Peter London
Lynne Rienneru GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/Security
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory review? Tickner, Ann 1996B International Relations: Post-Positivist and Feminist Perspectives 446-462# A New Handbook of Political Science% Goodin, Robert
Klingeman, Hans Dieter Oxford OUP~ GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Theory/Post-Structuralism-Modernism
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory9 Questions the optimism for international relations cited in the 1975 Handbook of Political Science. Unprecedented global change has divided international relations, and optimism for consensus has eroded. Through a diversity of viewpoints, feminism provides optimism for the broadening of theory and of empirical base. Using a post-positivist methodology, feminism challenges ethnocentrism and state-centrism, and rejects universalism and claims of objectivity. Feminism's appreciation of difference provides realistic optimism for the future of international relations. Review? & Peterson, Spike V.
Runyan, Anne Sisson 1999 Global Gender Issues Boulder Westview Press GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Tradex Global Gender Issues examines the gendered divisions of power, violence, labour and resources related to such issues as global governance, militarization, ethnic nationalism, global economic restructuring and environmental degradation. It provides an excellent introduction to the study of gender and international relations. Discussion questions; suggested reading; glossary. Review ? Grant, Rebecca
Newland, Kathleen 1991" Gender and International Relations Bloomington Indiana University Press` GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Theory/Institutionalism
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory Review ? Keohane, Robert 1989F International Relations Theory: Contributions of a Feminist Standpoint 245-253
Millennium 18 2? @ Berik, Günseli
van der Meulen Rodgers, Yana
Zveglich, Joseph E. 2004K International Trade and Gender Wage Discrimination: Evidence from East Asia 237-254 Review of Development Economics 8 2 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
Country/AsiaR This study explores the impact of competition from international trade on wage discrimination by sex in two highly open economies. If discrimination is costly, as posited in neoclassical theory based on Becker (1959), then increased industry competitiveness from international trade reduces the incentive for employers to discriminate against women. Alternatively, increased international trade may contribute to employment segregation and reduced bargaining power for women to achieve wage gains. The approach centers on comparing the impact of international trade on wage discrimination in concentrated and nonconcentrated sectors. The effect of international trade competition is expected to be more pronounced in concentrated sectors, where employers can use excess profits in the absence of trade to cover the costs of discrimination. Wage discrimination is proxied by the portion of the wage gap that cannot be explained by observable skill differences between men and women. The empirical model is estimated using a rich panel data set of residual wage gaps, trade ratios, and alternative measures of domestic concentration for Taiwan (China) and the Republic of Korea during the 1980s and 1990s. Results indicate that in contrast to the implications of neoclassical theory, competition from foreign trade in concentrated industries is positively associated with wage discrimination. These results imply that concerted efforts to enforce equal pay legislation and apply effective equal opportunity legislation are crucial for ensuring that women's pay gains will match those of men in a competitive environment. online ? Seguino, Stephanie 1997@ Gender Wage Inequality and Export-oriented Growth in South Korea 3-31 Journal of Development Studies 34 2X GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
Country/Asia Review ? Seguino, Stephanie 2000s The Effects of Structural Change and Economic Liberalisation on Gender Wage Differentials in South Korea and Taiwan 437-459 Cambridge Journal of Economics 24 4 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
Country/Asia" This paper investigates the sources of divergent trends in gender wage differentials in two important newly industrialised economies (NIEs), South Korean and Taiwan. As these economies have entered the "post-industrial" phase of development, gender wage differentials in Taiwan's manufacturing sector have widened, while in Korea they have narrowed. Decomposition analysis is used to broadly identify sources of change in gender wage differentials. Multivariate regression analysis is relied on to differentiate the impact on the gender wage gap of (1) macro-levels policies, (2) institutional factors, and (3) shifts in labour demand and supply. In addition to the predictable effects of several standard supply-side variables, in Taiwan physical capital mobility is found to have contributed to a wider gender earnings gap. Women's greater concentration in industries where capital is mobile may explain this result. The effects of capital mobility in Korea appears to differ, which may be due to the dissimilar characters of outward FDI from that country. ReviewF?
Standing, Guy 1999> Global Feminization through flexible labour: A theme revisited 1077-1095 World Development 17 7 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade Review ? Soni-Sinha, Urvashi 2006_ Where are the women? Gender, labor, and discourse in the Noida export processing zone and Delhi 335-365 Feminist Economics 12 3 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Production
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Export processing zones (EPZs) are like islands of globalization. Much of the literature on EPZs and export-oriented industries (EOIs) notes a preponderance of women who are constructed as “cheap,” “nimble fingered,” and “docile” labor. This literature is dominated by socialist feminist thinkers, and this paper argues that there is a need to incorporate the insights of postmodern feminist thinkers. The article focuses on the role that language, discourse, and subjectivity play in the gendering process in handmade jewelry production in the Noida Export Processing Zone (NEPZ) and in the ranch production units related by common ownership in Delhi, India. It thus gives “voices” to women and men, and brings out their agency in structuring the labor market. The study confirms that gender division of labor is a product of discursive and material practices that are reproduced through discourses into which different actors invest, and that feed into the gendered subjective identities of these actors. Review ? Brennan, David 2006S Defending the indefensible? Culture's role in the productive/unproductive dichotomy 403-425 Feminist Economics 12 3 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/History
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Production The purpose of this article is to reveal the justifications for different production boundaries historically. It finds that the boundaries were and are predicated on an untenable productive/unproductive dichotomy that was justified on select and shifting cultural norms. Furthermore, the production boundary informed other categories like labor, capital, income, and wealth. Hence, this article exposes the degree to which economic categories were and are unstable, fragile, contested, and culturally embedded constructs. It then explores feminist-inspired production boundaries based on third-person criterion and finds that these boundaries are likewise culturally contingent. However, these new production boundaries merely do what economics has always attempted to do, which is to theorize production under different cultural circumstances. This article reaffirms the mutually constitutive role of culture and economic categories. online? $ Gibson, John
Le, Trinh
Scobie, Grant 2006^ Household bargaining over wealth and the adequacy of women's retirement incomes in New Zealand 221-246 Feminist Economics 12 1-2 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
Country/Australia-Pacific Bargaining models of household wealth accumulation point to a potential conflict of interest between husbands and wives. Wives are typically younger than their husbands and have longer life expectancy, so they must expect to finance a longer retirement period. Therefore, when they have greater relative bargaining power, households will accumulate more wealth. There is some weak evidence for this in the United States, but this article finds the opposite pattern in New Zealand, where women's greater bargaining power results in a lower net worth in the pre-retirement cohort of couples. In New Zealand, where public pensions are more generous than in the US and are not affected by holdings of private wealth or income, it may not be rational for women with greater relative bargaining power than their spouses to favor wealth accumulation. These results indicate the importance of the policy context when considering household bargaining models. online ?
Datta, Namita 2006q Joint titling – a win-win policy? Gender and property rights in urban informal settlements in Chandigarh, India 271-298 Feminist Economics 12 1-2 Routledge8 GIPE/Field/Law
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Welfare| This article extends the debate on gender and property rights that has previously focused on agricultural land in rural areas to housing in urban areas. Specifically, it explores the impact of joint titling of houses on women's empowerment in urban informal settlements in Chandigarh, India. Property rights increase women's participation in decision making, access to knowledge and information about public matters, sense of security, self-esteem, and the respect that they receive from their spouses. Women display a higher attachment to their houses than men, especially after getting joint titles, because houses play a valuable role in fulfilling women's practical and strategic gender needs. This increased attachment to the house helps reduce property turnover in regularized settlements, hence assisting the government in attaining its goals and making joint titling a win-win policy. online b? Friedemann-Sanchez, Geta 2006Y Assets in intrahousehold bargaining among women workers in Colombia's cut-flower industry 247-269 Feminist Economics 12 1-2r GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Law
GIPE/Field/Violence
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology. Drawing on ethnographic and survey data, this article examines the diverse ways in which land and home ownership, wage income, and social capital combine to structure the alternatives of women workers in the cut-flower industry of rural Colombia. Most of these workers live in traditional male-dominated households where domestic abuse is prevalent. Data showing rates of property ownership by gender are presented, and the barriers and facilitators to property ownership by gender among agricultural wage-workers are analyzed. Property ownership is acquired largely through inheritance or purchase, which is influenced by social capital and the historical nature of relationships with large landowners. Women's household bargaining strategies rely on a combination of assets: kin networks; labor-related networks; and physical, financial, and individual assets. The author argues that the social capital of individuals, including their labor, kin, and solidarity networks, is key to an understanding of both property acquisition and intrahousehold bargaining processes. online ? Rubery, Jill 2005P Reflections on gender mainstreaming: An example of feminist economics in action? 1-26 Feminist Economics 11 3 Routledge GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory This article reviews the experience of gender mainstreaming within the European Employment Strategy - an experience that merits evaluation not only for what it has and has not done for fostering equal opportunities in Europe, but also for the implicit lessons it provides in applying feminist economics in practice. The experience has been mixed: though the argument that increasing women's employment is critical to the achievement of Europe's aspirations for a higher employment rate has been widely accepted, there is a much weaker and more fragile commitment to improving the quality of work available to women. In part, this limited impact reflects the continuing gender blindness of most employment policy analysis and development; there is a clear need for continued parallel development of feminist theory and analysis and more practical experiments in integrating a gender perspective into policy programs. online ? Holvoet, Nathalie 2005h Credit and women's group membership in South India: Testing models of intrahousehold allocative behavior 27-62 Feminist Economics 11 3 Routledge Country/Asia
GIPE/Methodology/Interviews
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics This article uses empirical data from the author's own South India household survey, which compares the impact of slightly diverging credit schemes upon selected indicators of allocative behavior to test the value added of an economic institutional approach for modeling intrahousehold allocation. It is argued that the income-pooling test and conventional neoclassical household models inadequately picture what happens within households as they start from the premise that behavior is built solely upon free agency. An alternative economic institutional approach is proposed and an expanded test framework is set out. Empirical research findings show that unveiling decision-making processes may indicate why individuals act as if they hold common preferences. The article suggests that changes in selected allocative outcomes occur mainly as a result of changes in underlying allocative processes and further demonstrates that membership in women's groups is one effective way of changing intrahousehold decision-making processes and outcomes. online? Power, Marilyn 2004> Social Provisioning as a Starting Point for Feminist Economics 3-19 Feminist Economics 10 3 Routledge| GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Development The past decade has seen a proliferation of writing by feminist economists. Feminist economists are not identified with one particular economic paradigm, yet some common methodological points seem to be emerging. I propose making these starting points more explicit so that they can be examined, critiqued, and built upon. I use the term “social provisioning” to describe this emerging methodology. Its five main components are: incorporation of caring and unpaid labor as fundamental economic activities; use of well-being as a measure of economic success; analysis of economic, political, and social processes and power relations; inclusion of ethical goals and values as an intrinsic part of the analysis; and interrogation of differences by class, race-ethnicity, and other factors. The paper then provides brief illustrations of the use of this methodology in analyses of US welfare reform, gender and development, and feminist ecological economics. Review ? Ettlinger, Nancy 2004h Toward a Critical Theory of Untidy Geographies: The Spatiality of Emotions in Consumption and Production 21-54 Feminist Economics 10 3 Routledges GIPE/Field/Space-Geography
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Theory/Other
GIPE/Methodology/Theory This paper offers a non-essentialist, normative view of the spatiality of emotions in consumption and production, underscoring issues of difference in everyday life. As people interweave thoughts and feelings across spheres of life, over time, economic and noneconomic logics become blurred, leading to multiple, often conflicting sentiments. Cognitive dissonance is not necessarily resolved and manifests in incoherent consumer practices. Understanding individuals' often covert disarticulation from communities can help proactively uncover avenues for expressing agency within structures of constraint. The geographies of multiple logics also clarify behavior in production regarding thoughts and feelings emanating from outside the workplace. Managers can use this knowledge to achieve competitiveness by accommodating workers' needs and nurturing collaboration, tapping overlapping social networks across time and space. Thinking normatively about the spatiality of emotions requires analytical fluidity to relate context-specific and mobile, mutable processes. The process-oriented framework developed here is intended to complement, not replace, pattern-oriented analysis. Review o? Danby, Colin 2004V Toward a Gendered Post Keynesianism: Subjectivity and Time in a Nonmodernist Framework 55-75 Feminist Economics 10 3 RoutledgeP GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Theoryd The heterodox “Post Keynesian” school, which emphasizes fundamental uncertainty and the time structure of economic activity, overlaps feminist economics in its treatment of subjectivity and its understanding of the relation between micro and macro phenomena. Why, then, is the intersection of the two fields in the published literature so small? This paper argues that Post Keynesians have adopted a number of additional institutional assumptions that have the effect of excluding gender from their analytical frame. These assumptions can be jettisoned without impairing fundamental Post Keynesian analytics. Review ? V Ferber, Marianne
Kuiper, Edith
Majcher, Agnieszka
Majoros, Krisztina
Petodblac, Andrea 2004; Feminist and Economic Inquiry in Central and Eastern Europe 81-118 Feminist Economics 10 3
Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Education-Higher Education
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europe
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study This Explorations investigates the current status of the research done on women's economic position in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), focusing on the current treatment of feminism in these countries. Agnieszka Majcher discusses feminist economic inquiry and the position of women in higher education in Poland. Krisztina Majoros focuses on the progress and problems of women in higher education and research institutions in Hungary and compares these to other EU countries. Finally, Andrea Peto reports on the legacy of what has been termed “statist feminism” and explores various strategies to strengthen feminist economic research in CEE countries. Review? 0 Albelda, Randy
Himmelweit, Susan
Humphries, Jane 2004B The dilemmas of lone motherhood: key issues for feminist economics 1-7 Feminist Economics 10 2 Routledge GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Social Policies The acute dilemmas facing lone mothers in raising their children and earning a living form a common theme across the articles in this special issue of Feminist Economics on Lone Mothers. Like other parents, lone mothers face difficult decisions in allocating their time to caregiving and income generation, but in their families there is only one adult to do both. Further, that one adult is a woman, who will generally earn less than a man, compounding the difficulties. Lone mothers must rely on a range of support mechanisms (fathers, other family members, employers, and government policy) to manage; they can therefore rarely be economically independent. Policies that are ideologically reluctant to support unmarried mothers in their caregiving may divide unmarried mothers from other lone mothers, and lone mothers from other poor parents. Nevertheless, most lone mothers find creative strategies to manage that are as varied as lone mothers themselves. Review ? McKinney, Judith Record 20045 Lone mothers in Russia: Soviet and Post-Soviet policy 37-60 Feminist Economics 10 2 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europe One would expect centrally planned socialist systems, designed to socialize the costs and benefits of childrearing, to be particularly supportive of lone mothers and the transition to a market economy in Russia therefore to have hurt lone mothers and their children more than other groups. While the evidence confirms that lone mothers are among the poorest groups in Russia today, I argue that their position at the bottom of the income distribution is not new and that it is the government's retreat since the mid-1980s from its commitment to women as workers, rather than to women as mothers, that has made their lives especially difficult. Reviewd ? Skevik, Anne 2004e Family economy workers or caring mothers? Male breadwinning and Widows' Pensions in Norway and the UK 91-113 Feminist Economics 10 2 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/DK-SF-Norway-Sweden
Country/UK-Ireland This article examines the position of lone mothers within the male-breadwinner model of family economies and asks why some male-breadwinner countries have shifted more than others from treating lone mothers mainly as "mothers" toward treating them as "workers." The countries chosen for comparison are Norway and the United Kingdom. Using a historical design, the author suggests there are different forms of male-breadwinner ideology, which may be more or less resistant to change. Empirically, the article compares policies toward widowed lone mothers, arguing that this category provides the best lens for a historical study of constructions of women's work. The analysis shows that the logic underlying widows' benefits in the two countries has been different: the key argument in Norway has been that women made a valuable contribution to the family economy, while in the UK, policy-makers emphasized the mother's continued caring presence in the home. Review? / Giddings, Lisa
Dingeldey, Irene
Ulbricht, Susan 2004R The Commodification of Lone Mothers' Labor: A comparison of US and German Policies 115-142 Feminist Economics 10 2 Routledge; GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison
Country/Germany
Country/USA-Canada Drawing on Gøsta Esping-Andersen's concept of commodification of labor, as well as on its feminist critiques, this paper looks at policy effects on lone mothers in the US and in Germany. With increasing labor market participation rates among lone mothers in the US following welfare reform and in Germany following unification, the authors conclude that the changes derive from different policies and incentive structures related to the state of commodification of labor in each country. In the former East Germany, the policy regime of generous childcare benefits enabled the commodification of women's labor, while in West Germany, the established policy regime was dominated by a strong, voluntary commodification of women's labor, particularly that of lone mothers. In contrast, US policy has been characterized by its greater degree of precommodification of women's labor, which was followed, after the welfare reform of 1996, by the enforced commodification of women's labor. Review ? Christopher, Karen 2004m Welfare as We [Don't] Know It: A Review and Feminist Critique of Welfare Reform Research in the United States 143-171 Feminist Economics 10 2 Routledge{ GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/USA-Canada Reform of the United States welfare system in 1996 drastically changed welfare receipt for low-income lone mothers. This paper explores the effects of these changes on lone mothers by summarizing empirical work on caseload reduction, labor force participation, income, poverty, material hardship, and family formation. While it appears that the economic status of many lone mothers improved during the economic expansion in the late 1990s, many lone mothers continued to experience poverty and material hardship. Building on the work of feminist scholars from both the US and other countries, this paper goes on to critique mainstream research on welfare reform. It identifies a particularly feminist approach to welfare reform research, stresses its advantages over mainstream research, and speculates about why there is comparatively less feminist research to date. The paper concludes by calling for more structural analyses of poverty and of lone motherhood itself. Review -? $ Ruwanpura, Kanuchana
Humphries, Jane 2004W Mundane Heroines: Conflict, Ethnicity, Gender, and Female Headship in Eastern Sri Lanka 173-205 Feminist Economics 10 2 Routledge GIPE/Field/Conflict-War
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/Asia For the last twenty years, eastern Sri Lanka has witnessed a bitter and bloody civil conflict. This paper explores the experience of female-headed households in the region. Only partially the product of war, such households cannot be bundled together as a social problem with a single solution. Our study endorses the feminist suspicion of falsely homogenizing accounts of women's lives and suggests instead an alternative emphasis on the many ways in which gendered relations of dominance and subordination are maintained. With its co-existing Muslim, Tamil, and Sinhala groups, eastern Sri Lanka facilitates the exploration of ethnicity as a source of variation. The households included in this study share a common structure and face the same economic problems, yet ethnic differences divide them. The paper charts the problems, strategies, and partial triumphs of these lone mothers and proposes policies to help them in their mundane but heroic struggle. Reviewq?
Kabeer, Naila 2004p Globalization, labor standards, and women's rights: Dilemmas of collective (in)action in an interdependent world 3-35 Feminist Economics 10 1 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations This paper challenges the idea that a "social clause" to enforce global labor standards through international trade agreements serves the interests of women export workers in poor countries. Drawing on fieldwork in Bangladesh and empirical studies, the author argues that exploitative as these jobs appear to Western reformers, for many women workers in the South they represent genuine opportunities. Clearly, these women would wish to better their working conditions; yet having no social safety net, and knowing that jobs in the informal economy, their only alternative, offer far worse prospects, women cannot fight for better conditions. Moreover, global efforts to enforce labor standards through trade sanctions may lead to declining employment or to the transfer of jobs to the informal economy. Lacking measures that also address the conditions of workers in this informal economy, demands for "the social clause" will reinforce, and may exacerbate, social inequalities in the labor market. Reviewy? . Martinez Peinado, Javier
Cairo Cespedes, Gemma 2004F Gender and regional inequality in human development: The case of Spain 37-64 Feminist Economics 10 1 Routledgew GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
Country/Spain-Portugal5 In this paper, we present estimates of the Human Development Index and the Gender-Related Development Index in the Autonomous Communities of Spain. Our case study of Spain, a developed country with clear gender and regional differences, demonstrates the importance of adjusting human development indices in accordance with gender discrimination and regional inequalities. We also show the significance of the income component in assessing the development level of women in countries like Spain, where lack of employment or low remuneration are the chief characteristics of women's inequality. Our analysis makes clear that the Gender-Related Human Development Index has limited applicability in developed countries; it also illustrates the need for alternative variables or models to assess inequality in those countries. Review? ' Arun, Shoba
Arun, Thankom
Borooah, Vani 20049 The effect of career breaks on the working lives of women 65-84 Feminist Economics 10 1 Routledge GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
Country/Australia-Pacific
GIPE/Methodology/Interviews In this paper we examine the effect of career breaks on the working lives of women using survey data from the state of Queensland in Australia. After estimating the income penalty faced by women with career interruptions - according to the duration of, and reasons for, the interruptions - we seek to address a wider set of issues regarding: patterns of job change and income gains or losses related to job change; determinants of career re-entry plans; and satisfaction with hours worked. As women increasingly combine motherhood and employment, they face both penalties and costs, particularly if they have taken a career break in order to care for their young. This general labor market failure that penalizes motherhood should be addressed by relevant measures related to their income, working hours, and the type and status of employment, particularly on their re-entry into employment after a child-related career break. Review 1? $ Bettio, Francesca
Plantenga, Janneke 2004 Comparing Care Regimes in Europe 85-113 Feminist Economics 10 1 Routledge GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/EU
Country/Europe
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison Throughout Europe, the family is still an important provider of care, but welfare state policies of individual countries may support and/or supplement the family in different ways, generating different social and economic outcomes. This article compares and categorizes care strategies for children and elderly persons in different member states of the European Union, while also taking into account the varied modalities for providing care, like leave arrangements, financial provisions, and social services. In EU countries, care regimes function as "social joins" ensuring complementarity between economic and demographic institutions and processes. As these processes and institutions change, they provide impetus for care regimes to change as well. However, because ideas and ideals about care are at the core of individual national identities, care regimes also act as independent incentive structures that impinge on patterns of women's labor market participation and fertility. Reviewj? / Austen, Siobhan
Jefferson, Therese
Thein, Vicki 2003. Gendered Social Indicators and Grounded Theory 1-18 Feminist Economics 9 1 Routledge GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
Country/Australia-Pacific2 This article outlines a pilot program undertaken to assess the advantages and disadvantages of including significant elements of grounded theory in research measuring women's progress. This pilot program, carried out in Western Australia, aimed at broadening the range of data collection and analysis methods in the field of gendered social and economic indicators. It featured ten affinity group discussions with sixty-two women and six men on the issue of women's progress in the region. The results have implications for future research on women's well-being. Review #? Lawson, Tony 2003 Ontology and Feminist Theorizing 119-150 Feminist Economics 9 1 Routledge3 GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theoryj In an earlier paper in Feminist Economics (Tony Lawson 1999), I suggested that there are likely significant benefits to feminist theorizing from adopting an explicit and sustained concern with ontology. I suggested this in the context of observing that theorizing of an explicitly ontological or realist nature is often downplayed and frequently actively discouraged in feminist writing. Several authors have since commented on my earlier paper, indicating points both of agreement and disagreement. In this essay I respond to some of the more critical comments and attempt to clarify my position in the light of them. Review ? Addis, Elisabetta
Villa, Paola 2003X The Editorial Boards of Italian Economics Journals: Women, Gender, and Social Networking 75-91 Feminist Economics 9 1 Routledgea GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
Country/ItalyT In Italy, women's advancement in economics has been curtailed by the structure of editorial boards of Italian economics journals. In this paper, we examine the presence of men and women economists on the editorial boards of thirty-six Italian economics journals published since 1970 and analyze the gender distribution across different kinds of boards, roles, and fields. Because boards are hierarchically ordered, women work mostly in the lower positions, and the increase in women's participation has led only to more "editorial secretaries." Since men and women tend to have different scientific interests and men's standards of academic value prevail, women economists cannot build publication records as strong as those of their male colleagues, which, in turn, affects women's hiring, promotion, and wages, as well as the shape of the discipline. Review ?
Shaffer, Paul 2002, Poverty Naturalized: Implications for Gender 55-75 Feminist Economics 8 3 Routledgeu GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Methodology/Evaluation-Impact Analysis The article illustrates how philosophical assumptions affect the theory, practice, and results of poverty analysis, to the potential detriment of women and girls. It links the income/consumption approach to poverty with naturalist normative theory, which developed historically from the moral theory of David Hume. It then traces the historical development of naturalist normative theory from Hume to modern utility theory and examines its links with the British empiricist tradition. Finally, it reviews some of the practical consequences for gender and argues that the philosophical baggage of the income/consumption poverty approach may ignore important issues for women and girls, thereby creating significant gender "gaps" in the analysis of deprivation. Review ? 0 Brewer, Rose M.
Conrad, Cecilia A.
King, Mary C. 2002K The Complexities and Potential of Theorizing Gender, Caste, Race, and Class 3-17 Feminist Economics 8 2 Routledget GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Discrimination Most economists have not yet grappled with the demands of intersectional scholarship, which recognizes the intertwined nature of gender, race, class, caste and other influences on the economic situation of individuals and groups. Among economists, feminist economists may have made the most progress and be best positioned to break further ground, though we can do better and much remains to be done. This article synthesizes the case for intersectional work, reviews the state of the economic literature, describes the contributions of the articles in this special issue of Feminist Economics on "gender, color, caste and class," and sketches directions for the future. Review? Deshpande, Ashwini 2002N Assets versus Autonomy? The Changing Face of the Gender-Caste Overlap in India 19-35 Feminist Economics 8 2 Routledge GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Violence
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste
Country/Asia Inter-group disparity in India is multifaceted; this paper focuses on gender and caste as two important indicators of disadvantage. An assessment of the contemporary state of the gender–caste overlap suggests that the economic condition of women continues to be defined and constrained by their caste status. At the same time, the traditional distinction between lower caste and upper caste women, based on the relative egalitarianism and greater freedom of movement of the latter, needs to be revised. The Dalit (low caste) women are the worst off, as they belong to a group that is materially at the bottom of the ladder; their relative deprivation is compounded by low levels of autonomy and greater exposure to domestic violence. Review ? Robinson, Judith K. 2002S Race, Gender, and Familial Status: Discrimination in One US Mortgage Lending Market 63-85 Feminist Economics 8 2 Routledgeg GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste
Country/USA-Canada This paper, using data from the 1992 Boston Federal Reserve study of mortgage lending, reports preliminary evidence of patterns of gender and familial status discrimination that differ markedly by race in the US. White couples with children experienced familial status discrimination if the female partner was in the labor market, but not if she was at home raising her children. However, African-American or Hispanic couples with children suffered familial status discrimination if she stayed home to raise her children, but much less so, if at all, if she was in the labor market. This pattern of racial differentiation may reflect social norms dating back to slavery that have favored labor force participation for African-American and Hispanic mothers but not white mothers. On the other hand, it was true across racial groups that single women, more than single men, were disadvantaged in the mortgage market by children. Review ? Villanueva, Margaret A. 2002A Racialization and the US Latina Experience: Economic Implications 145-161 Feminist Economics 8 2 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste
Country/USA-Canada This brief paper explores the economic implications of the racialization of Latinas, focusing primarily on women of Mexican background, with special attention to the historical and contemporary experiences of this group in the Midwest. The author discusses three interrelated processes that help explain the social positioning of Mexican-American and Mexican immigrant women in the region: the production of a "commodity identity" image, spatial barrioization (creation of segregated, generally poor barrio neighborhoods), and "outsider racialization." She also analyzes the income status of Latina women in terms of their reproductive responsibilities and productive work. Review?
Lenz, Ilse 2003B Globalization, Gender, and Work: Perspectives on Global Regulation 21-43 Review of Policy Research 20 1 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Women's Movement
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/Germany
Country/JapanW This article proposes a working definition of globalization, which, although recognizing power asymmetries and risks, focuses on the changing options of actors. I link globalization to the options of diverse actors such as feminist networks and supranational and state institutions and enterprises. These options are related to resources, power, and capacities. The United Nations Decades of Women provided a dramatically opening opportunity structure for the global women's movement that could enlarge and diversify their options. They had developed a common charter while respecting differences and capacities for global orientation. Finally, I illustrate the argument by looking at processes of feminist regulations, which were negotiated by women's movements in Japan and Germany. Both cases suggest that negotiations and regulations in the global context are possible from an asymmetric position and that innovative capacities for transnational and global orientation and horizontal organization are crucial. Further research is necessary on innovative and egalitarian forms of regulation in globalization. Review J? Altvater, Elmar 2003: Was passiert, wenn öffentliche Güter privatisiert werden 171-201F Peripherie. Zeitschrift für Politik und Ökonomie in der Dritten Welt 23 90/91 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Privatization-Commodification
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade ? . Rubery, Jill
Grimshaw, Damian
Figueiredo, Hugo 2005Y How to close the gender pay gap in Europe: Towards the gender mainstreaming of pay policy 184-213 Industrial Relations Journal 36 3 GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Employmentc The European Employment Strategy includes a new commitment to a substantial reduction in the gender pay gap in European Union (EU) member states, but progress requires a radical shift away from the traditional policy emphasis on the supply-side deficiencies of women compared with men. Mainstream theory argues that gender inequality is reduced once the pay gap is 'adjusted' for differences in individual characteristics (education, experience, etc.). But new empirical studies in many EU member states demonstrate that the work environment-the general wage structure, job and workplace characteristics-shapes gender pay inequality. Given the negative gender impact of trend declines in minimum wages, moves towards more decentralisation of wage-setting and public sector restructuring, the article argues for a holistic, gender mainstreaming approach to pay policy. Review? Bakker, Isabella 2003u Neo-liberal Governance and the Reprivatization of Social Reproduction. Social Provisioning and Shifting Gender Orders 66-82) Power, Production and Social Reproduction Bakker, Isabella
Gill, Stephen Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/Privatization-Commodification
GIPE/Field/Public Goods Brigitte Young? .? Bakker, Isabella 2002] Who Built the Pyramids? Engendering the New International Economic and Financial Architecture 13-25C femina politica. Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft 1 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Finance-Financial Markets
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economicsu Isabella Bakker analysiert geschlechtsspezifische Elemente globaler Finanzmärkte und der internationalen Finanzarchitektur. Sie fragt nach der Machtverteilung in der aktuellen Finanz- und Wirtschaftsarchitektur und beleuchtet den Zusammenhang von Nationalstaaten und globalen Akteuren wie dem IWF und der Weltbank. Pointiert wird in ihrem Artikel, dass die gegenwärtige Intensivierung von Globalisierungsprozessen nicht nur klassenspezifisch, sondern geschlechtsspezifisch geprägt ist und mit widersprüchlichen Entwicklungen hinsichtlich der Integration von Frauen in Bildungs-, Wirtschafts- und Politikprozessen einher geht. review ? Bakker, Isabella
Gill, Stephen 2003) Power, Production and Social Reproduction Hampshire Palgrave Macmillanf GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/World Market
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Written by leading authorities from Europe, the Americas and Asia, this path-breaking work develops an innovative and original theorization of global political economy. While most approaches theorize global political economy from the perspectives of power and production or states and markets, this work argues that what feminists call social reproduction is a more basic framework, upon which most forms of power and production, and states and markets, must necessarily rest. Review ~? Benería, Lourdes 2003& Gender, Development, and Globalization New York Routledge GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics2 With Cold War politics lost as the organizing principle behind international politics, development has become the most import policy goal of every international organization. There is an underside (and a human side) to development, and feminism has made inroads into the highly technical debates and frothy prophecies by examining what the future really holds for the people who will live it. This book highlights the ways in which feminist analysis has contributed to a richer understanding of international development and globalization. By combining theoretical, empirical, and political perspectives and discusses cutting-edge debates around development, globalization, economic restructuring, and feminist economics, Gender, Development and Globalization presents the ultimate primer on global feminist economics. Review h ? Brodie, Janine 1994A Shifting the Boundaries: Gender and the Politics of Restructuring 46-601 The Strategic Silence. Gender and Economic Policy Bakker, Isabella London Zed Books GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Public Goods
GIPE/Field/Privatization-Commodification
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Review? Çağatay, Nilufer 2001+ Trade, Gender and Poverty, Background Paper New York UNDP GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/World Market
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free TradeC The system of rules and agreements that currently governs international trade is based on the widely accepted view that expanding global trade is beneficial to all countries and their citizens. This derives from mainstream trade theory, which holds that production specialisation according to each nation’s comparative advantage typically leads to a more efficient allocation of resources in the world economy and consequently to higher levels of output and growth in all countries. Growth in turn will promote national development and reduce poverty. Despite the recognition that trade liberalisation creates both winners and losers within each country, it is held that there are net gains over all, allowing losers to be compensated through trade adjustment assistance or changes in taxation policies. [...] (Introduction to paper) onlineN http://www.undp.org/rbap/Trade/Gender,%20poverty%20and%20trade.htm (30/8/2006)* Version of paper available online: see URL ? Çağatay, Nilufer 1998F Engendering Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Policies, Working Paper 6 New York9 Social Development and Poverty Elimination Division, UNDPn GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
“The causes and outcomes of poverty are heavily engendered and yet traditional conceptualizations consistently fail to delineate poverty’s gender dimension, resulting in policies and programmes which fail to improve the lives of poor women and their families.” online& yes (Cagatay_engendering_macroec_1998) ? Dai, Jinhua 2003 Class and Gender 138-152 China Reflected 18-19 Hongkong Arena Pressd GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste
Country/Asia Brigitte Young... {? Darity, William 1995? The Formal Structure of a Gender-Seggregated Low-Income Economy 1963-1995 World Development 23 11 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Fiscal Policies
GIPE/Field/International Organizations Based upon insights drawn from research concerning the nature of the gender-based division of labor in agrarian regions of developing countries, a formal model is advanced of the interactions that take place in such a setting. Males are characterized as seeking to maximize their income from production of an exportable cash crop by drawing women out of household/social maintenance activities, by dint of coercion, cooperation and compensation. The paper also explores repercussions on the efficiency and output of the social maintenance or “subsistence” sector due to the loss of female laborpower to the male-controlled export sector. Finally, the impact of an International Monetary Fund mandated currency devaluation on an economy of this type is considered as well. Review ? Davin, Delia 1998) Gender and Rural-Urban Migration in China 57-679 Women and Empowerment: Illustrations from the Third World
Afshar, Haleh London RoutledgeZ GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Migration
Country/Asia Review '? Durano, Marina F. B. 2003G The Marketisation of Social Reproduction in the New Service-Led Economy 22-23 Social Watch Annual Report 2003
Montevideo Social Watchx GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Privatization-Commodification
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Employment Policies are implemented within an institutional setting that dictates the distribution of costs and benefits. Among the challenges that we face today is the need to create a set of policy and legal instruments that will reconstruct the gender-biased institutional setting within which globalisation currently operates. The markets have generated a structure of incentives that encourages women to undertake productive activities. But we know of hardly any incentives to encourage men to take over caring responsibilities. The result is that social reproduction is being moved out of the households and into the privatised market sphere in what appears to be a move out of the frying pan and into the fire. online yes, (Durano_marketisation_2003) ? Durano, Marina F. B. 1999$ Gender Issues in International Trade Geneva- International Gender and Trade Network (IGTN) GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Tradey Trade policies have different consequences on women and men because women and men differ in their economic and social status. Women and men respond differently to economic and trade policies because they have different sets of private resources and levels of access to public ones. Status and control over resources are intricately woven into the sexual division of labor, the assignment of productive and reproductive roles. Thus, the economic impact of trade policy on the genders must look at price and quantity effects as they relate to the differential status of men and women and their different sets of resources. Meanwhile, the social and human development impact of trade policy must look at how choice sets have been altered and how alterations have affected women and men. Both kinds of impact analysis, in turn, help determine the changes in the welfare of both genders. (IGTN) review3 http://www.igtn.org/pdfs/79_Durano.pdf (20/02/2007) see Durano_Trade_1999 ? Eisenstein, Hester 19902 Femocrats, Official Feminism and the Uses of Power 87-104 Playing the State Watson, Sophie London Verso= GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theoryb? Elson, Diane 20047 Feminist Economics Challenges Mainstream Macroeconomics 6-90 International Association for Feminist Economics 14 3o GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Theory In this presentation I will discuss some of the ways in which mainstream macroeconomics has been extended by gender analysis; and some of the ways in which feminist economists, taking heterodox macroeconomics as a starting point, are seeking to challenge mainstream macroeconomics.
I want to distinguish between extending the mainstream paradigm and challenging the mainstream paradigm. The paradigm can be extended by adding new features, filling in gaps, and replacing simple assumptions by more complex assumptions. I think that feminist economics can be more ambitious than that. We can and should seek to challenge the fundamental assumptions of the mainstream. And begin to develop alternative forms of analysis and policy. [...] online< http://www.globalizacija.com/doc_en/e0027ram.htm (30/8/2006)& online version of the article, see URL \ ? Elson, Diane 1994P Macro, Micro, Meso. Gender and Economic Analysis in the Context of Policy Reform 33-45 The Strategic Silence Bakker, Isabella London Zed-Books GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Discipline/Microeconomics
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics Review5D? Sen, Gita 2006 The Quest for Gender EqualityP Reclaiming Development Agendas: Knowledge, Power and International Policy Making
Utting, Peter Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan/ UNRISD[ GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development ReviewD? Molyneux, Maxine 2005` Mothers at the Service of the New Poverty Agenda: The PROGRESA/Oportunidades Programme in Mexicoc Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan/ UNRISD} GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Welfare
Country/Latin America-Carribean Review ? ! Benería, Lourdes
Floro, Maria S. 2005x Labour Market Informalization, Gender and Social Protection: Reflections on Poor Urban Households in Bolivia and Ecuador 193-216c Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanN GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Welfare
Country/Latin America-CarribeanD? Steinhilber, Silke 2005 Gender and Post-Socialist Welfare States in Central Eastern Europe: Family Policy Reforms in Poland and the Czech Republic Comparedc Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan GIPE/Field/Transformation
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison
Country/former SUb Gender has been only a marginal concern in post-socialist reform processes. To illustrate the dimensions of change, and as one way to explore the broader gender dynamics of social policy reforms in post-socialist Central Europe, this paper undertakes an analysis of family benefit reforms after 1989. Focusing on reforms of family benefits, including maternity and childcare benefits, as well as transfers to families, it analyses how and why, during the post-1989 situation, “costly” benefits and services supporting women’s dual role as worker and mother - a feature of the socialist past often considered “women-friendly” - changed dramatically. The reform trajectories of family benefits are key elements in the ongoing process of change of the institutional and social environment in which gender relations are negotiated. Feminist research has pointed to the fact that it is not the degree of state intervention as such, but the particular kind of policies that shape gender relations. Accordingly, as state-organized mediators between paid employment and unpaid care work, family benefits are a central instrument of welfare states to shape gender relations. An analysis of family benefit reforms needs to look at three main areas and their intersections: (1) the legacy of benefit systems, (2) the overall economic and political shifts in family policy since 1989, including the gendered values of key reform actors, as well as (3) the power dynamics between reforms actors, including among other things the relative strength of women’s voices. Steinhilber deals with each of these issues in a comparative fashion. Review D? Moghadam, Valentine M. 2005Z Maternalist Policies versus Women’s Economic Citizenship? Gendered Social Policy in Iranc Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanP GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Discrimination ReviewWD? Hassim, Shireen 2005@ Gender Equality and Developmental Social Welfare in South Africac Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan8 GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Welfare
Country/Africa Review k? Peng, Ito 20059 Social Policy Reforms and Gender in Japan and South Korea 130-150c Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanO GIPE/Field/Transformation
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
Country/Asia
Country/Japan Review D? Hobson, Barbara 2005e The Evolution of the Women-Friendly State: Opportunities and Constraints in the Swedish Welfare Statec Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillank GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Welfare
Country/DK-SF-Norway-Sweden D? Lewis, Jane
Giullari, Susy 2005g The Adult-Worker-Model Family and Gender Equality: Principles to Enable the Valuing and Sharing of Carec Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanI GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Social Policies3D?
Lund, Francie 2005. Working People and Access to Social Protectionc Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan1 GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Welfare D? & Mackintosh, Maureen
Tibandebage, Paula 2005N Gender and Health Sector Reform: Analytical Perspectives on African Experiencec Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanR GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
Country/Africa Review fD? Wang, Jin 2005A Health Sector Reform in China: Gender Equality and Social Justicec Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanL GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
Country/Asia Review D?
Huber, Evelyn 2005 Financing Social Provisioning and Counting in Women Gendered Implications of Tax Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Jamaicac Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillann GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Fiscal Policies
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
Country/Latin America-CarribeankD? Budlender, Debbie 2005E Expectations versus Realities in Gender-Responsive Budget Initiativesc Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of “the Social” Razavi, Shahra
Hassim, Shireen Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan, http://www.gender-budgets.org/uploads/user-S/11281073931Debbie_Budlender-_Expectations_vs._Realities_in_GRB_Initiatives.pdf (28.4.2007)2 GIPE/Field/Gender Budgets
GIPE/FIELD/SOCIAL POLICY This paper, commissioned by UNRISD as a contribution to its ongoing research project on Gender and Social Policy, compares the practice of gender-responsive budget initiatives with the claims and expectations about what they can achieve.} http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/11281073931Debbie_Budlender-_Expectations_vs._Realities_in_GRB_Initiatives.pdf (20/02/2007) see Budlender_Gender_Budget_2005 t ? Goetz, Anne Marie 2003V National women’s machinery: State-based institutions to advocate for gender equality 69-95d Mainstreaming gender, democratizing the state? Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women Rai, Shirin
Manchester Manchester University Press7 GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Institutions Brigitte Young!?
Rai, Shirin 2003d Mainstreaming gender, democratizing the state? Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women
Manchester Manchester University PressY GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Institutions Brigitte Young? 0 Gregory, Jeanne
Sales, Rosemary
Hegewish, Ariane 1999U Women, Work and Inequality: The Challenge of Equal Pay in a Deregulated Labour Market Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour RelationsI Women, Work and Inequality brings together academics, lawyers, trade unionists and industrial relations experts from three continents to provide an incisive analysis of the impact of globalisation and deregulation on gender inequality in employment. It reviews the evolution of pay equity polices, examines the impact of economic and social trends on divisions between women and includes detailed analysis of equal pay legislation in the UK. The interdisciplinary approach makes this important reading for anyone seriously concerned with addressing discrimination in the labour market. Review ? ILO 2004g Gender and Globalization: A Macroeconomic Perspective. Working Papers in Local Governance and Democracy 19 Geneva ILOV GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Governance D?
Joekes, Susan 1999D A Gender-Analytical Perspective on Trade and Sustainable Development) Trade, Sustainable Development and Gender UNCTAD New York/Geneva UNCTAD W GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Trade Review ? Jin, Yihong 2002\ Entry into the World Trade Organization and Women’s Employment: Impact and Countermeasures NMLA/GTZ} GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Trade Review ? Jiang, Yongping 2004B Informal employment and gender differentiation on the labor market Bejing Women’s Studies Institute4 GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Employment.? " Kin Chi, Lau
Meng, Liu
Lixi, Zhang 1999 Gender discourse in China 101-136B Resurgent Patriarchies: Challenges for Women’s Movements in Asia ARENA Hongkong ARENA press] GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
Country/Asia Review ? Ching, Kwan Lee 1998B Gender and the South China Miracles: Two Worlds of Factory Workers Berkeley California University Pressu GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Transformation
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
Country/Asia Both Yuk-ling, a busy Hong Kong mother of two, and Chi-ying, a young single woman from a remote village in northern China, work in electronics factories owned by the same foreign corporation, manufacturing identical electronic components. After a decade of job growth and increasing foreign investment in Hong Kong and South China, both women are also participating in the spectacular economic transformation that has come to be called the South China miracle. Yet, as Ching Kwan Lee demonstrates in her unique and fascinating study of women workers on either side of the Chinese-Hong Kong border, the working lives and factory cultures of these women are vastly different.
In this rich comparative ethnography, Lee describes how two radically different factory cultures have emerged from a period of profound economic change. In Hong Kong, "matron workers" remain in factories for decades. In Guangdong, a seemingly endless number of young "maiden workers" travel to the south from northern provinces, following the promise of higher wages. Whereas the women in Hong Kong participate in a management system characterized by "familial hegemony," the young women in Guangdong find an internal system of power based on regional politics and kin connections, or "localistic despotism."
Having worked side-by-side with these women on the floors of both factories, Lee concludes that it is primarily the differences in the gender politics of the two labor markets that determine the culture of each factory. Posing an ambitious challenge to sociological theories that reduce labor politics to pure economics or state power structures, Lee argues that gender plays a crucial role in the cultures and management strategies of factories that rely heavily on women workers. Review? Pun, Ngai 2005+ Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace Durham Duke University Press~ GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
Country/Asia As China has evolved into an industrial powerhouse over the past two decades, a new class of workers has developed: the dagongmei, or working girls. The dagongmei are women in their late teens and early twenties who move from rural areas to urban centers to work in factories. Because of state laws dictating that those born in the countryside cannot permanently leave their villages, and familial pressure for young women to marry by their late twenties, the dagongmei are transient labor. They undertake physically exhausting work in urban factories for an average of four or five years before returning home. The young women are not coerced to work in the factories; they know about the twelve-hour shifts and the hardships of industrial labor. Yet they are still eager to leave home. Made in China is a compelling look at the lives of these women, workers caught between the competing demands of global capitalism, the socialist state, and the patriarchal family.
Pun Ngai conducted ethnographic work at an electronics factory in southern China’s Guangdong province, in the Shenzhen special economic zone where foreign-owned factories are proliferating. For eight months she slept in the employee dormitories and worked on the shop floor alongside the women whose lives she chronicles. Pun illuminates the workers’ perspectives and experiences, describing the lure of consumer desire and especially the minutiae of factory life. She looks at acts of resistance and transgression in the workplace, positing that the chronic pains—such as backaches and headaches—that many of the women experience are as indicative of resistance to oppressive working conditions as they are of defeat. Pun suggests that a silent social revolution is under way in China and that these young migrant workers are its agents. (Amazon) Review E? Rai, Shirin 2002/ Gender and the Political Economy of Development Cambridge Polity Press GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Theory/Post-Colonialism
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste
GIPE/Field/Space-Geography
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements This important book ranges across contemporary debates in the study of gender and political economy. It situates differing gender-based theories in the context of wider political and historical processes such as colonialism, post-colonialism, Cold War politics, the New World Order, globalization and democratization. Shirin Rai focuses on the gendered nature of the political economy of development, and the shifts that have occurred as economies and states have moved from a development process that is state-focused to one that is clearly framed by globalization. Differences between men and women, and differences between women in contrasting social and geographical positions, are explored in relation to their influence on political practice. Rai considers how the structures of economic and political power frame men and women and examines the consequences of these gendered positionings. She makes important connections between the political narratives of different levels of governance and examines the discourse of empowerment at these different levels. The book concludes by reflecting on the way men and women are coping with the challenges of globalization and argues that women's movements need to re-establish the link between the recognition of difference and the redistribution of economic and social resources if they are to maintain their radical edge. This will be essential reading for undergraduates and graduates in politics, development studies and gender studies. (Amazon) Review ? Schmidtbauer, Heike 2003P Living on the Fringes - Urban Experiences of Rural Migrant Women in Reform China 44-57 Berliner China-Hefte 25; GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Transformation
Country/Asia? Staveren, Irene van 2003" Monitoring Gender Impacts of Trade 126-145, The European Journal of Development Research 15 1 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Environment
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Governance In the light of increased attention to trade impacts on labour conditions, poverty, and the environment, this article focuses on trade impacts on gender [in]equality. Gender impacts of trade have received hardly any attention so far from policy-makers. At the same time, however, gender equality has increasingly been accepted as an important objective in a variety of policy areas, reflecting a trend towards gender mainstreaming. This article will provide a tool for policy-makers to mainstream gender into trade policies. The tool consists of a set of gender and trade indicators, which will be constructed on the basis of available literature on gender and trade relationships. The indicators will relate trade performance variables to variables measuring gender inequality. Together, the set of indicators provides policy-makers with a sketchy but simple tool to monitor consistency between trade policies on the one hand and gender policies on the other hand. Review ? Staveren, Irene van 2002 Global finance and gender 228-246 Civil Society and Global Finance Scholte, Aart
Schnabel, Albrecht London Routledge GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Finance-Financial Markets
GIPE/Field/Fiscal Policies
GIPE/Field/World Market This paper analyses gender dimensions of global finance that underlie the involvement of the women’s movement with financial markets and financial policies. These gender dimensions occur at all levels: the micro level (including the intra-household level); the meso level (industry, banking, government institutions, taxation); and the macro level (nationally as well as globally). (Böll Stiftung) Review?m UNIFEM 2005< Progress of the World´s Women 2005: Women, Work and Poverty New York) United Nations Development Fund for Women\ GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Employment
pdf available see: UNIFEM_2005 ? UNIFEM 2000$ Progress of the World’s Women 2000 New York UNIFEM` GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Development Reviewd ? White, Marceline 2001 GATS and Women http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/1482 Foreign Policy in Focus 6 2
Washington Foreign Policy In Focus GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Public Goods
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/World Market Review see: White_GATS_2001 F? Sharma, Ritu 2001 Women and Development Aid Foreign policy in Focus 6 33` GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Gender Budgets online see: Sharma_women_aid_2001 F?
Athreya, Bama 2002 Trade is a women's issue Foreign Policy in Focus 7 15_ GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Trade online see: Athreya_trade_2002 ? World Bank, 2002 China, Country Gender Review
Washington
World Bank? Country/Asia
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Field/Development Review 5?L Z Allaert, Benedicte 2001 International Trade and Gender Inequality: A Gender Analysis of the Trade Agreement between the European Union and Latin America: Mexico and Mercosur" Women in Development Europe (WIDE)$ http://www.eurosur.org/wide/home.htm GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
GIPE/Field/Regional Integration
Country/Latin America-Carribean This publication explores how due to women's economic and social inequality to men trade
agreements affect men and women differently. For this reason, it argues for the development and
institutionalization of gender equality in trade relations and agreements. The arguments in the
publication are put in the context of the current Mercosur - European Union negotiations and trade
relations between Mexico and the European Union. (Abstract reproduced from the WIDE home
page. The publication is also available in Spanish) (d? Çağlar, Gülay 2002K Engendering der Makroökonomie: Chancen und Grenzen feministischer Ansätze 48-57D femina politica. Zeitschrift für feministische Politik-Wissenschaft 11 1} GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs Gülay Çağlar zeigt Strategien des Engenderings von Makroökonomie auf und diskutiert auch deren theoretische Rahmung. In einem Überblick fasst sie die Kritik feministischer Ökonominnen am verbreiteten Verständnis von Makroökonomie als Ebene monetärer Aggregate zusammen. Dieses geschlechtsblinde Verständnis und Vorgehen habe, gepaart mit einem neoliberalen Politikverständnis, verheerende soziale Implikationen, deren Leidtragende vor allem Frauen seien. Am Beispiel der südafrikanischen Women´s Budget Initiative (WBI) zeigt sie Einflussmöglichkeiten auf eine geschlechtersensible Konzeptualisierung der Einnahme- und Ausgabenpolitik auf allen Staatsebenen auf. Als strategisch wichtig für ihren Einfluss hebt die Autorin die Verortung der Initiative sowohl im zivilgesellschaftlichen Raum wie in staatspolitischen Strukturen hervor und plädiert für eine staatstheor ?! Kurian, Rachel 2005> Trade Unions and Child Labour: Challenges for the 21st Century
Maastricht Shaker Publishingp GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/Human Rights ??" Bedi, Arjun Singh
Kurian, Rachel 2004g Poverty, Gender and Social Exclusion in Mauritius (Consultancy Report for the African Development Bank) The Hague ISS GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Development
Country/Africa ?# Kurian, Rachel 20034 Women Workers in a Global Economy: Trends and Issues The Hague! Institute of Social Studies (ISS)| GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/World Market similar paper as pdf available: Rachel Kurian: Vulnerabilities and opportunities in gendered labour markets. women workers in a global economy and challenges for trade unions (see PDF) see: Kurian_women_workers_2003 {?% _ Lenz, Ilse
Lutz, Helma
Morokvasic-Müller, Mirjana
Schöning-Kalender, Claudia
Schwenken, Helen 2002T Crossing Borders and Shifting Boundaries, Volume II: Gender, Identities and Networks Opladen
Leske+Budrich GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements This volume introduces a gender dimension and provides new insights in the issues like nationalism and racism, identity building, transnational networking, citizenship and democracy. x ?& Schwenken, Helen 2005H The challenges of framing women migrants’ rights in the European Union 177-1943 La Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales 21 2R GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Migrationg In all countries of the European Union domestic work performed by migrant women, often in an irregular legal status, is increasing. Many workers face poor living and exploitative working conditions. Over the last decades, migrant domestic workers and advocacy organizations have developed multi-level strategies to improve those living and working conditions. In the contribution different and sometimes contradicting strategies of how a European network of migrant domestic workers and other actors mobilize will be identified and analyzed. It will be argued that the resonance the network achieved in the European Union was ambivalent and encompassed unintended consequences : On the one hand it allowed structural access to EU policy makers but on the other hand it narrowed down the political opportunities due to a fusion of migration policies and security policies.?' Ulbert, Cornelia 2004 Human Security - ein brauchbares Konzept für eine geschlechtergerechte außen- und sicherheitspolitische Strategie? (Human Security - a Useful Concept for a Gendered Foreign and Security Policy Strategy?) 163-169 Human Security = Women's Security - Keine nachhaltige Sicherheitspolitik ohne Geschlechterperspektive. Zur Klärung von "Sicherheit" in der internationalen Politik 7& Schriften des Feministischen Instituts Berlin3 Feministisches Institut der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung] GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Security see: Ulbert_human_security_2003 Q?Z ' McKay, Andrew
Winters, Alan
Kadir, Abbi 2000A A Review of Empirical Evidence on Trade, Trade Policy and Poverty Londonq The UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID), with Institute of Development Studies/BRIDGE} GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade This paper presents a review of the empirical evidence on trade, trade policy and poverty in
developing countries and assesses the state of the art of the research. It contains some gender
considerations. The main conclusion drawn is that trade enhances economic growth and that poor
people on average benefit proportionately from economic growth. Some scholars on poverty and
globalization are argued to have drawn stronger general conclusions than the empirical evidence
supports, and to have ignored the case specific link between trade and poverty. The literature
review reveals that that trade reform often has differential effects on men and women, to the
disadvantage of women. Special attention is given to the agricultural sector considering its high
proportion of poor people. The existing evidence suggests that small farmers (often women) are
less capable to override hardships and take advantage of benefits of agricultural trade liberalization.
Studies on the household-level indicate that the shift from food to cash crop production penalizes
women, who are more likely to grow food crops. The shift also increases household food
insecurity. In regard to other sectors, the authors conclude that trade expansion has favored
women’s labor force participation in export-oriented activities, particularly in services but also in
manufacturing. The waged work has however created a double workday for women. Research on
Latin America suggest that skilled women have benefited disproportionably in terms of increased
employment and increased relative wages, leaving unskilled women behind. Unskilled labor might
however have gained in absolute terms. The experience of Latin women also reveals that migration
of males put extra pressure on women's time. The paper argues that poor people, particularly
women, benefit from trade liberalization as consumers. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization: an annotated bibliography, United Nations Publications, 2003.) n?N Benería, Lourdes
Lind, Amy 1995| Engendering International Trade: Concepts, Policy and Action. Gender and Sustainable Development. Working Paper Series No. 5 Ithaca` Cornell University, www.iiav.nl/epublications/1995/EngenderingInternationalTrade.PDF (28.4.2007) GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/Production
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics This paper presents a conceptual overview of the gender dimension of trade. The paper
analyzes impacts of trade on gender equality, provides references to some empirical studies and
discusses policy implications. The overarching claim is that trade liberalization is biased in respect
to gender, largely as a result of a segmented labor market and patterns of social reproduction. It is
also argued that although women, as a group, win less and lose more than men on free trade, free
trade can impact women both positively and negatively depending on each woman's location in the
production process, her reproductive role, and the overall context where she is situated. Trade
liberalization should therefore, neither be systematically rejected nor endorsed from a feminist
standpoint, according to the authors. The macro-economic effects of trade liberalization on
employment, price, consumption and income are analyzed from a gender perspective. Especially
considered are the agricultural sector, the informal sector and the export oriented manufacturing
sector, as these are sectors with high concentrations of women workers that are likely to undergo
important economic transformation. In regard to the agricultural sector, the authors discuss shifts
from subsistence farming to cash crops, and import employment displacement. In the informal
sector, which is considered a practically untouched research area, the discussion refers to
expansionary and contractionary effects of trade, especially highlighting the effects on small
producers. In regard to export manufacturing, the paper stresses the vulnerability of female labor
following widespread production relocation. Finally, some emerging gender and trade issues are
identified, including environmental implications of trade expansion, biotechnology, intellectual
property rights and technology transfer. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization, United Nations Publications, 2003.) D?) Woodward, Alison 2005M Gender Mainstreaming: An example of Open Methods Coordination or a challenge?m Coordinating the European Union: Constructing Policy Coordination and Coherent Action in a Multi-level System+ Menon, Anand
Kassim, Hussein
Peters, Guy B. Rowman and LittlefieldO GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming ?* Woodward, Alison 2002 Going for Gender Balance
Strasbourgn Council of Europe Publishing, Division of Human Rights Integrated project Making Democratic Institutions Work U GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory` ?+ Zentai, Violetta
Krizsan, Andrea 2006 Gender Equality Policy or Gender Mainstreaming: the Case of Hungary. Gender Policies in Hungary on the Road to an Enlarged Europe 135-151 Policy Studies 27 2] GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming see: Zentai_gender_equality_2003p ?1 Zentai, Violetta
Krizsan, Andrea 20051 From civil society development to policy research 168-183R Bridges Across Boundaries: Global Knowledge Networks and International Development Stone, Diane
Maxwell, Simon Routledgey GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/KnowledgeK?2
Fodor, Eva 2005n The Status of Women in the Labour Markets of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland (UNRISD Occasional papers) New York UN Publications GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Transformation
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europe This paper assesses trends in women's labour-market positions in three Central European countries from 1989 to 2002: Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland. The paper examines how these trends are related to—affect, are derived from and have consequences for—the reformulation of women’s social rights, especially those concerning women’s responsibilities in childbirth and childrearing.
The author argues that women’s labour market position deteriorated in the three countries, but not to the extent that had been expected. In fact, women improved their positions in some areas, and their losses relative to men have—so far—been minimal.
More importantly, there are significant variations across the three countries in how women fared. ?3
Fodor, Eva 2004R The State Socialist Emancipation Project: Gender Inequality in Hungary and Austria 783-815. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 29 3S GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europe g?G Goetz, Anne Marie 2002 Women Development Workers Sussex& IDS - Institute of Development Studiesk GIPE/Discipline/Microeconomics
GIPE/Field/Finance
GIPE/Field/Institutions
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science Women Development Workers studies the efforts of women development agents in micro-finance programmes to promote the interests of their poor rural women clients. Anne-Marie Goetz exposes the differences in the ways men and women staff of these programmes interact with their beneficiaries. She argues that gender biases within organizations constrain women staff from promoting women's rights more aggressively; shows that women field workers are an important resource for the empowerment of poor women, since they are often more responsive and sensitive develops a conceptual framework for understanding the gendered nature of organizations; demonstrates how male-dominated organizational hierarchies constrain women's management capabilities; illustrates the gendered process of policy implementation; builds theory on institutional capacity building in development from a gendered perspective. *? Aitken, Rob 1996B Neoliberalism and Identity: Redefining State and Society in Mexico 24-37 Dismanteling the Mexican State Aitken, Bob London Macmillans GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Institutions
Country/Latin America-Carribean ? Barndt, Deborah 20048 Fruits of injustice: women in the post-NAFTA food system 37-51G Mexico in Transition. Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society Otero, Gerardo London/New York> GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/WelfareZ? Cardero, Marie Elena 20002 NAFTA´s Impact on the Female Work Force in Mexico 38-51f Women´s Empowerment and Economic Justice: Reflecting on Experience in Latin America and the Caribbean de Pauli, Liliana New York UNIFEM GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
Country/Latin America-Carribean
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance This study examines the impact of NAFTA on Mexican women's employment in three non-service sectors: export agriculture, processing industry (maquila) and textiles and clothing. It concludes that its impact has been uneven. There has been a general growth in women's employment, but not necessarily an improvement in living standards. In the export agriculture sector, this took the form of longer working hours. In the manufacturing sectors, the author points to the trend of increasing male employment in the maquiladoras, linked to technological change in the production in these plants. Men predominate among technicians responsible to operate/supervise programmable machines and electronic equipment. In her conclusion, the author highlights the needs for labour training for women in order to gain technical skills. The main strength of the paper is to provide much statistical information about employment trends in Mexico. (Status of Women Canada) ? de Pauli, Liliana 2000f Women´s Empowerment and Economic Justice: Reflecting on Experience in Latin America and the Caribbean New York UNIFEM GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Development
Country/Latin America-Carribean This book explores women's experiences with globalisation in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the perspective of women in the region and UNIFEM's experience. ?5 9 Fodor, Eva
Glass, Christy
Kawachi, Janette
Popescu, Livia 2002: Family Policies and Gender in Hungary, Poland, and Romania 475-490$ Communist and Post-Communist Studies 35 December GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europex Researchers have found a strong correlation between the character of the welfare state and class (Esping Anderson 1990, Korpi 2000) as well as gender inequalities (O’Conner et al 1999, Orloff 1993, Sainsbury 1994). In particular, the generosity of welfare benefits is highly consequential for women’s chances of becoming and/or staying poor (Casper et al 1994, Christopher 2000). The Eastern European societies in our study exhibit gender poverty gaps of varying sizes: women are over-represented in poverty in some, although not all societies in the region (Braithwaite et al 2000, and see also articles by Domanski and Popova in this volume). In this paper we seek to contribute to the explanation for this cross-national variation by analyzing the gendered content of some of the central components of the emerging welfare states: family, maternity, and child care policies. E Word document available, see: glass_kawachi_2002 (in pdf_free_access) '?6
Fodor, Eva 1997B Gender in Transition: Unemployment in Hungary, Poland and Slovakia 470-500$ East European Politics and Societies 11 3 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Transformation
GIPE/Field/Employment
Country/Middle-Eastern-Europe ?7 ; Rubery, Jill
Smith, Mark J.
Fagan, Colette
Grimshaw, Damian 19992 Women's Employment in Europe: Trends and prospects London Routledgea GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/EU Based on extensive original research, this volume examines contemporary patterns of women's employment in Europe in the context of the profound economic, social and cultural changes that have taken place in recent years. It considers the progress made towards equal treatment in the labour market in the light of European Union action programmes, and examines the prospects for women's employment under the fourth action programme. The authors conclude that progress towards equal treatment will only occur when gender issues are fully integrated into the European Commission's employment and labour market policies. This is the only book which analyses current employment research from all 15 EU members. D?8 Rubery, Jill
Hebson, Gail 2004+ Gender Segregation: Change and continuities! Den Konsuppdelade Arbetsmarknadem Lofstrom, A. Stockholm Fritzes Kundtjanst8 GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Transformation ? McKay, Deirdre 2003` Cultivating New Local Futures: Remittance Economics and Land-Use Patterns in Ifugao, Philippines 285-307" Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 34 2 Country/Philippines
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Discipline/International Politcal Economy
GIPE/Field/Employmentl In the Philippines, female migration for contract domestic work transforms the local landscape. The changes in land, labour, crops and cropping patterns that are occurring may not reflect local ecology or economic opportunity as much as they represent gendered versions of new local futures, envisioned on a new global scale (Abstract: Cambridge University Press). Becklake D?: Rubery, Jill 20023 Gender Mainstreaming and European Employment Policy/ Labour Markets, Gender and Institutional Change0 Mosley, Hugh
O'Reilly, Jaqueline
Schomann, Klaus
Cheltenham Edward ElgarC GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming?; L Rubery, Jill
Figueiredo, Hugo
Smith, Mark J.
Grimshaw, Damian
Fagan, Colette 20044 The Ups and Downs of European Gender Equality Policy 603-628 Industrial Relations Journal 35 6b GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics In 2003, equal opportunities policy in the European Union suffered both ups and downs. New opportunities came in the guise of the hotly contested new directive on gender equality outside the field of employment, in the invitation to present the first of an annual report on equality between women and men to the Spring Council, in the consolidation of gender mainstreaming within the second round of the National Action Plans on social inclusion and in the new commitments to "substantial reductions by 2010" in gender gaps in employment, unemployment and pay that were included in the new employment guidelines in 2003. These new guidelines presented, however, a major challenge to gender equality as the new phase of the European Employment Strategy dispensed with the four pillars, and therefore the equal opportunities pillar. Instead gender equality became just one of 10 new guidelines. In December the launch of the Employment Taskforce report appeared to push employment policy back more to a "full employment with flexibility" approach and away from concerns with job quality. The focus was therefore more on the integration of women into employment rather than on closing the equality gap.?< L Rubery, Jill
Grimshaw, Damian
Fagan, Colette
Figueiredo, Hugo
Smith, Mark J. 2003@ Gender Equality still on the European Agenda - But for how long? 477-497 Industrial Relations Journal 34 5- GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming k?= : Rubery, Jill
Smith, Mark J.
Anxo, Dominique
Flood, Lennart 2001B The Future European Labour Supply: The critical role of the family 33-69 Feminist Economics 7 3 GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/Social Policies The European employment strategy initiated in 1997 is critically dependent upon the further integration of women into the labor market. The European Union has set a specific target employment rate for women of 60 percent by 2010 and is also committed to providing more and better child care facilities. This gender focus is reinforced by the requirement for gender mainstreaming in all aspects of European employment policy. There is an implied Europe-wide, universal policy of encouraging female labor-market participation and reducing the care work performed by domestic labor. However, the European Commission continues to have limited competence in areas of family, social, and welfare policy. As a result, these common employment objectives for women are thus being pursued against a background of quite different systems of social, family, welfare, and indeed labor-market organization. These systems have different economic and employment implications, such that the outcomes of the common European employment strategy will also be highly variable. ?> ! Staveren, Irene van
Krug, Barbara 2002 Gender Audit: Whim or Voice? 190-217 Public Finance and Management 2 2w GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Finance-Financial Markets
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics Gender audits (gender aware controls in government budgets)
respond to two types of failures of government in the
implementation of policy commitments, such as those in the
Beijing Platform for Action: uncertainty and asymmetric information.
They allow an assessment of allocation inefficiency inherent in
government budgets that are caused by explicit and implicit gender
discrimination. Furthermore, gender audits show the costs of
certain gender biased policies and point out the opportunity
costs involved. To sum up, gender audits can draw attention to four
issues relevant in public finance:
1. Equal access to resources provided by the state prevents under-
investment in various forms of capital
2. Equal access to publicly provided services increases the marginal
labour productivity of women
3. Non-discrimination in state provided services causes a relatively
high increase in aggregate well-being
4. Removal of gender discrimination in the unpaid care economy
lifts the reproductive tax for women. ?? Staveren, Irene van 2004. Feminism and Realism: a Contested Relationship 13-21 Post-Autistic Economics Review 28 Octoberm GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Theory/Neo-Realism This paper engages with chapter nine of Tony Lawson’s (2003a) Reorienting Economics, ‘Feminism, Realism, and Universalism’. The chapter appeared as a journal article in Feminist Economics, in 1999. That publication provoked a remarkable set of comments by feminist economists – some of these highly critical – which were published in the same journal as a dialogue, in 2003, including two responses by Lawson. Earlier (in 1999), as well as in the set of comments in 2003, feminist philosopher Sandra Harding gave her response to Lawson’s views. In my discussion of the chapter/article on feminism and realism, I will regularly refer to this dialogue. But before doing so, let me first briefly give some indication of Lawson’s position towards feminist economics as a discipline.F http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue28/VanStaveren28.htm (17/09/2006)! Article available online: see URL?@ Staveren, Irene van
Gasper, Des 2003* Development as Freedom - and as what else? 137-162 Feminist Economics 9 1H GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics To what extent can Amartya Sen's ideas on freedom, especially his conceptualization of development as freedom, enrich feminist economics? Sen's notion of freedom (as the capability to achieve valued ends) has many attractions and provides important opportunities to analyze gender inequalities. At the same time, Sen's recent emphasis on freedom as the dominant value in judging individual well-being and societal development also contains risks, not least for feminist analysis. We characterize the risks as an underelaboration and overextension of the concept of freedom. Drawing on Sen's earlier work and various feminist theorists, we suggest instead a more emphatically pluralist characterization of capability, well-being, and value, highlighting the distinct and substantive aspects of freedom, as well as of values besides freedom, in the lives of women and men. We illustrate this with reference to women's economic role as caregivers. Z?A Staveren, Irene van 2001 Gender Biases in Finance 9-17 Gender and Development 9 1X GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Finance-Financial Markets
GIPE/Field/Discrimination This paper discusses some of the relationships between gender relations and finance, particularly at the meso- and macro-levels of financial transactions and trends. I focus on gender-based inequalities in finance, and the gender-based inefficiencies in finance that are created as a result. I argue that these gender biases in finance perpetuate both inequalities between women and men, and poverty. 3?B Staveren, Irene van 19978 Focus Groups: Contributing to a Gender-Aware Methodology 131-135 Feminist Economics 3 2n GIPE/Methodology/Interviews
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory5 A focus group is an open group interview from which research hypotheses can be derived. It enables economic research to step down from its narrow theoretical assumptions and to embed research questions in a life context. It also can contribute to strong objectivity and when done in women's groups and/or on gender issues, focus groups can contribute to a feminist methodology. Experience from a focus group by the author held in Africa has indicated how diverse and enriching economic notions can become, when discussed in a group, before the research has started. ?C Staveren, Irene van 1994# A Political Economy of Reproduction 20-23 Development 3 GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics ?D Staveren, Irene van 2003P Feminist Fiction and Feminist Economics - Charlotte Perkins Gilman on Efficiency 56-69) Toward a Feminist Philosophy of Economics! Barker, Drucilla K.
Kuiper, Edith London Routledge GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics O?E Staveren, Irene van 1997 Women, Trade and Responsibility 99-1100 Gender and Sustainability in International Trade Haxton, Eva
Olsson, Claes Uppsala, Stiftelsen Global Kunskap - UFFN Forlag/ICDAo GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Corporate Governance-Responsibility D?F Staveren, Irene van 2005G Five Methodological Approaches for Research on Gender and Trade Impacts ISS Working Paper Series No. 417" Institute of Social Studies, (ISS) The Hague: http://adlib.iss.nl/adlib/uploads/wp/wp417.pdf (5/05/2007)j GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative; http://adlib.iss.nl/adlib/uploads/wp/wp417.pdf (20/02/2007) see: Staveren_Methodology_2005?J ' Staveren, Irene van
Akram-Lodhi, Haroon 2003\ A Gender Analysis of the Impact of Indirect Taxes on Small and Medium Enterprises in Vietnam) International Development Research CentreK http://www.gender-budgets.org/uploads/user-S/11134035231SMEs_in_Vietnam.pdf GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Gender Budgets
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Fiscal Policies This paper on SMEs in Vietnam, looks into biases that help explain the higher costs and lower profits of female-owned enterprises. It brings together gender analysis, small scale enterprise analysis, and gender budget analysis in a development context by demonstrating that gender matters not only to the ownership of an SME, but also to its most likely principal activity, the stock of the assets that it possesses, the labour that it utilizes, the costs that it faces, the revenues that it generates, and the profits that it earns. The paper's main thrust lies in its argument that although various factors play a role, gender biases in costs and earnings, partly caused by the tax system, are the more dominant factor.X http://www.gender-budgets.org/uploads/user-S/11134035231SMEs_in_Vietnam.pdf (21/02/2007) see: Staveren-akram_Taxes_2003D?H Staveren, Irene van 20025 Social Capital: What is in it for Feminist Economics? ISS Working Paper Series No. 368 Institute of Social Studies, ISS The Hague: http://adlib.iss.nl/adlib/uploads/wp/wp368.pdf (3/05/2007)O GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Development In economics, social capital is commonly defined in terms of its effects, both at the micro level, as well as the macro level. At the macro level, for example, social capital has been defined "as the social structure which encourages frequent trade". The World Bank Social Capital Initiative describes social capital as "the institutions, the relationships, the attitudes and values that govern interactions among people and contribute to economic and social development".; http://adlib.iss.nl/adlib/uploads/wp/wp368.pdf (20/02/2007) see: Staveren_socialcapital_2002 9?I Staveren, Irene van
Espino, Alma 2002V Instruments for Gender Equality in Trade Agreements - European Union, Mercosur, Mexico Brussels WIDE GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/International Organizations?J Arizpe, Lourdes
Aranda, Josefina 1981z The “Comparative Advantages” of Women’s Disadvantages: Women Workers in the Strawberry Export Agrobusiness in Mexico 453-473. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 7 2 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
GIPE/Field/Transformation
GIPE/Field/World Market0 In recent years, the women's movement the world over has stressed the need to provide women with increased access to salaried employment in order to improve their living conditions. In some industrialized countries, however, the recession and long-term economic trends are making it more difficult for women to get adequate employment, because, among other reasons, many of the jobs traditionally held by women in industries-particularly in textiles, garment manufacturing, and electronics-are being relocated in developing countries. [...]
Behind this movement lie both the market pressures that force companies into a constant search for lower production costs, and the rationale of "comparative advantages", according to which different economies are advised to specialize in those products that they can sell profitably in the international market. But it so happens that such "advantages" are closely linked to the cheap labor costs that come from women's social and economic "disadvantages"; a woman's loss in one country may be some woman's gain in another country. ?K Peterson, Janice
Lewis, Margaret 2001) The Elgar companion to feminist economics Northampton, Massachusetts Edward Elgar Publishing LimitedZ GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science This reference work introduces readers to the field of feminist economics. It includes 99 entries by 88 authors. There are entries addressing key concepts in feminist economics as well as feminist economic critiques and reconstructions of major economic theories and policy debates. The material is presented in an accessible manner and should be of use to scholars and teachers from across the social sciences.h ?L Bakker, Isabella 1994h Introduction: Engendering Macro-economic Policy Reform in the Era of Global Restructuring and Adjustment 1-291 The Strategic Silence. Gender and Economic Policy Bakker, Isabella London Zed Booksp GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics?M Bakker, Isabella 19941 The Strategic Silence. Gender and Economic Policy London Zed Books GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/World Market
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative Applying a gender-aware analysis to macroeconomics, this book on restructuring and adjustment presents a global picture, highlighting the similarities and contradictions in gender relations arising out of the restructuring process. The contributors consider macroeconomic methods and policies in order to propose elements of a more gender-aware economics. Whilst some fall within the neo-classical framework, others suggest an epistemological break with the homogenizing thrust of Western economism towards "multiple objective worlds", each with their own validity. Based on case studies from North and South, the book reflects on the state, economy and household within the broader context of concrete methodological observations. (Amazon) ^?N Barker, Drucilla K. 20059 Beyond Women and Economics: Rereading “Women´s Work” 2189 - 2209. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30 4w GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Methodology/Theory Feminist economics is a knowledge project that works toward a feminist transformation of economics. Using gender as an analytical category, feminist economists have shown that unquestioned and unexamined masculinist values are deeply embedded in the theoretical and empirical aspects of economics. Absent feminist analyses, economics rationalizes and naturalizes existing social hierarchies based on gender, race, class, and nation. Although this is especially true of issues particularly germane to women's lives such as the gender wage gap and the feminization of poverty, it is no less true of issues in international trade or macroeconomics. Gender analyses highlight the asymmetric effects of economic theories and policies that are hidden by conventional theorizing. pdf version available see: Barker_signs_2005 ?O Benería, Lourdes 19953 Toward a Greater Integration of Gender in Economics 1839-1850 World Development 23 11 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/History
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance This paper argues that feminist analysis is finally making an impact in the field of economics. It begins with an historical overview of the alternative theoretical approaches that have discussed women's issues, particularly since the 1950s and 1960s, and it argues that, during the 1980s and 1990s, these approaches have tended to converge, at least partially, through the use of gender as a central category of analysis. The influence of postmodernism and the development of feminist theory have laid the basis for the task of transforming economics and engendering theory and policy. At the same time, feminist analysis has shifted from its main concentration on microeconomics to the discussion of macroeconomics. More specifically, the paper discusses two areas in which progress toward engendering economic analysis has been made since the late 1970s:
1. (a) the visibility of women's work and its inclusion in labor force and national accounting statistics, and
2. (b) macroeconomic issues, with focus on the area of gender and development and of structural adjustment policies, with particular reference to alternative models to the orthodox structural adjustment packages.9?R Bergeron, Suzanne 19962 The Nation as a Gendered Subject of Macroeconomics 111-1255 Rethinking Restructuring: Gender and Change in Canada Bakker, Isabella Toronto University of Toronto Press\ GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory ?S Benería, Lourdes 1979: Reproduction, production and the sexual division of labour 203-225 Cambridge Journal of Economics 3 3P GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Production
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics?T Bergmann, Barbara 2005 The economic emergence of women New York Basic BooksO GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Labour RelationsN This new edition of a classic feminist book explains how one of the great historical revolutions--the ongoing movement toward equality between the sexes--has come about. Its origins are to found, not in changing ideas, but in the economic developments that have made women's labor too valuable to be spent exclusively in domestic pursuits. The revolution is unfinished; new arrangements are needed to fight still-prevalent discrimination in the workplace, to achieve a more just sharing of housework and child care between women and men, and, with the weakening of marriage, to re-erect a firm economic basis for the raising of children. In this new edition, Bergmann provides an update on women's economic situation today and ultimately proves her argument is as relevant and essential today as it was when this book was first published in 1986. @ack, Sandra
Brainerd, Elizabeth 2004H Importing equality? The Impact of Globalization on Gender Discrimination 540-559 Industrial and Labor Relations 57 4 GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative While researchers have long held that discrimination cannot endure in an increasingly competitive environment, there has been little work testing this dynamic process. This paper tests the hypothesis (based on Becker 1957) that increased competition resulting from globalization in the 1980s forced employers to reduce costly discrimination against women. The empirical strategy exploits differences in market structure across industries to identify the impact of trade on the gender wage gap: because concentrated industries face little competitive pressure to reduce discrimination, an increase in competition from increased trade should lead to a reduction in the gender wage gap. We compare the change in the residual gender wage gap between 1976 and 1993 in concentrated versus competitive manufacturing industries, using the latter as a control for changes in the gender wage gap that are unrelated to competitive pressures. We find that increased competition through trade did contribute to the relative improvement in female wages in concentrated relative to competitive industries, suggesting that, at least in this sense, trade may benefit women by reducing firms' ability to discriminate. ?V h " Çağatay, Nilufer
Ertürk, Korkuk 2004G Gender and globalization: a macroeconomic perspective, Working Paper 19 Geneva ILOd GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Governanceh http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/integration/download/publicat/4_3_204_wcsdg-wp-19.pdf (28/9/06) available online ?W Elson, Diane 1998p The Economic, the Political and the Domestic: Business, States and Households in the Organisation of Production 189-207 New Political Economy 3 2V GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Production ?X Elson, Diane 1995T Rethinking strategies for development: from male-biased to human-centred development 253-279$ Male bias in the development process Elson, Diane
Manchester Manchester University Press5 GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics?Y Elson, Diane 1995$ Male bias in the development process
Manchester Manchester University PressQ GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study This is the most significant book to have appeared on gender and development in the past decade. Diane Elson has provided us with a rare, and fruitful, combination - a theoretical spring board in the introductory chapter, and illustrative case studies and debates in subsequent chapters by various authors. As an innovative and readable contribution to the field, Diane Elson's collection has already had a substantial impact on our understanding of gender relations in developing areas and their policies. i?Z Elson, Diane 1992] From Survival Strategies to Transformation Strategies: Women´s Needs & Structural Adjustment 26-48F Unequal burden: economic crisis, persistent poverty, and women´s work! Beneria, Lourdes
Feldman, Shelley Colorado Westview PressR GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Theory/Post-Colonialism@ ?[ England, Paula 1993B The Separative Self: Androcentric Bias in Neoclassical Assumptions 37-532 Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics Ferber, Marianne
Nelson, Julie Chicago University of Chicago PressM GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Methodology/Theoryf?\ Ferber, Marianne
Nelson, Julie 1993X Introduction: The Social Construction of Economics and the Social Construction of Gender 1-222 Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics Ferber, Marianne
Nelson, Julie Chicago University of Chicago PressM GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory ?^
Joekes, Susan 1995h Trade-Related Employment For Women In Industry And Services In Developing Countries (Occasional Paper 5) Geneva UNRISD, http://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/d2a23ad2d50cb2a280256eb300385855/608f5d4f133083b580256b67005b6b37/$FILE/opb5.pdf (3/05/07) GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Environment
GIPE/Field/International Organizations http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/httpNetITFramePDF?ReadForm&parentunid=608F5D4F133083B580256B67005B6B37&parentdoctype=paper&netitpath=80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/608F5D4F133083B580256B67005B6B37/$file/opb5.pdf (2/10/2006) available online see: Joekes_Trade_1995 ?_ Kuiper, Edith
Sap, Jolande 19955 Out of the Margin. Feminist Perspectives on Economics London Routledge8 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics@ This book would be useful to a wide range of readers interested in economics: feminists interested in current debates and research, economists interested in learning how to reassess different theories through feminist eyes and all those who suspect they might not be as objective as they like to think they are. (Amazon)Z?` Mukhopadhyay, Swapna 1994l The Impact of Structural Adjustment Policies on Women: Some General Observations Relating to Conceptual Bias 158-1641 The Strategic Silence. Gender and Economic Policy Bakker, Isabella London Zed BooksW GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/International Organizations ?a Nelson, Julie A. 2004 Economic Man 284-289) The Elgar companion to feminist economics Peterson, Janice
Lewis, Margaret Northampton Edward Elgar Publishing Limited8 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics ?b Nelson, Julie A. 1996% What is Feminist Economics All About? 4-8 Challenge 39 1s GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies High on the research agenda of feminist economists is the development of better models of what goes on within families. This paper contributes by conducting empirical tests of the impact of social/institutional factors on behavior within marriage. As one example, "divorce-threat" bargaining models predict that greater certainty of receiving child support should increase a woman's bargaining power within a marriage and hence observable behavioral outcomes. Within a single country, there is limited variation in the social/institutional factors which might affect bargaining power, but across countries identifying variation can be found. Thus, we use a micro-data set constructed using seven countries from the Luxembourg Income Study database in order to estimate a probit model of the labor-force participation of married women. Our conclusions suggest that, contrary to the predictions of Becker-style unitary models, some social/institutional factors do influence individual behavior within the household. 0 ?c Nelson, Julie A. 1995 Feminism and Economics 131-148 Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 2D GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Philosophy of Sciences Recent feminist theorizing about gender and science could improve economic practice. The usual definitions of the subject matter, models, methods, and pedagogy of economics, while often perceived as value-free and impartial, contain distinct masculine biases. The alternative is not a 'feminine' economics, not a 'female' economics, but an economics in which practitioners of either sex make use of the widest range of appropriate methods in studying the subject of economic provisioning. Examples are given of work in which gender conformity has not been a defining factor, as well as work in which gender biases are apparent. ?d Pujol, Michele 19924 Feminism and Anti-Feminism in Early Economic Thought Aldershot ElgarM GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/History
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory ?e Samson, Melanie 1995 Towards a ‘Friday’ model of international trade: A feminist deconstruction of race and gender bias in the Robinson Crusoe trade allegory 143-158 Canadian Journal of Economics 28 1` GIPE/Theory/Post-Structuralism-Modernism
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste A feminist deconstruction of the Robinson Crusoe trade allegory reveals the race and gender biases inherent in four assumptions underlying neoclassical economics and trade theory: Homo Economicus; freedom of choice; absence of barriers to switching labour and pursuing self-interest; and uniformity of the nation. Examples from the electronics and garment industries illustrate that socially constructed race and gender identities mediate an individual's articulation into the economy. A 'Friday' trade allegory, based on the relationship between Crusoe and Friday in the original novel, which explicitly recognizes the trade implications of racialized and gendered labour, is argued to provide a more relevant trade model. ?f Seguino, Stephanie 2000. Accounting for Gender in Asian Economic Growth 27-58 Feminist Economics 6 3\ GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Transformation
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
Country/Asia Absent from the important debate on the determinants of rapid Asian growth is the role of gender inequality. This paper argues that gender wage inequality has stimulated growth, with Asian economies that disadvantaged women the most growing the fastest from 1975 to 1990. Low female wages have spurred investment and exports by lowering unit labor costs, providing the foreign exchange to purchase capital and intermediate goods which raise productivity and growth rates. These results contrast with recent studies that argue income equality at the household level contributed favorably to Asian growth by reducing political conflict. The divergent findings can be explained by the fact that gender norms and stereotypes that convince women to accept their low status curb labor and political unrest, stimulating investment. The results indicate that which group bears the burden of inequality in the process of economic growth matters. !?g Sen, Amartya 1990 Gender and Cooperative Conflicts 123-1494 Persistent Inequalities. Women and World Development
Tinker, Irene New York Oxford University Pressb GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Conflict-War ?h Sen, Amartya 1992 Inequality reexamined Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press5 GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Discipline/Sociologys In this deft analysis, Amartya Sen argues that the dictum "all men are created equal" serves largely to deflect attention from the fact that we differ in age, gender, talents, physical abilities as well as in material advantages and social background. He argues for concentrating on higher and more basic values: individual capabilities and freedom to achieve objectives. ?i
Sparr, Pamela 1994+ Feminist Critiques of Structural Adjustment 13-39F Mortgaging Women´s Lives. Feminist Critiques of Structural Adjustment
Sparr, Pamela London
Zed Books 5 GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory ?j Strassmann, Diana 2004 Feminist Economics 360-373) The Elgar companion to feminist economics Peterson, Janice
Lewis, Margaret Northampton, Massachusetts Edward Elgar Publishing Limited GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics ?k Strober, Myra H. 1994T Can Feminist Thought Improve Economics? Rethinking Economics Through a Feminist Lens 143-147 American Economic Review 84 2M GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory .?l UNCTAD 2004G Trade and Gender. Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries New York United Nationsx GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
GIPE/Field/Trade
pdf available see: UNCTAD_trade_gender_2004 ?n United Nations, 2000. The World´s Women 2000. Trends and Statistics New York UN Statistical DivisionM GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy+?o Williams, Marjorie 1994c Gender, Productivity and Macro-economic Policies in the Context of Structural Adjustment and Change 71-871 The Strategic Silence. Gender and Economic Policy Bakker, Isabella London Zed Books5 GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Development ?p Whitehead, Ann 19794 Some preliminary notes on the subordination of women 10-13 IDS Bulletin 10 3o GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science An introductory note on some of the theoretical assumptions made by the IDS Subordination of Women Workshop, and on the specialised language used. It is argued that the analytical object of study cannot be 'women' (an empirical category) but rather the relations between men and women in society. Three types of gender relations are specified and described and it is suggested that gender as a characteristic has led to the social domination of women by men. Reasons are given for choosing the term 'subordination' (rather than patriarchy) to refer to the general character of male/female relations. Lastly, some of the overall theoretical questions addressed by the workshop are raised. ?q Young, Brigitte 1998$ Editorial: Globalisierung und Gender 168-173 Prokla 28 2m GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science Über Globalisierung wird intensiv und viel diskutiert. Über »Globalisierung und Gender« wird weit weniger debattiert. Dieses Thema ist noch immer das Stiefkind der Wissenschaft und der Medien. Wenn Geschlecht in dieser meist männlichen Literatur überhaupt erwähnt wird, dann nur im Hinblick auf Frauen. »Geschlecht« als soziale Organisation der Geschlechterverhältnisse - wird reduziert auf die Rolle der Frau. Die wird wiederum nur als eine »Verlängerung« des in der Öffentlichkeit agierenden Mannes und gleichzeitig als das ewige Opfer des handelnden Mannes konstruiert. Dieser vereinfachte, aber erkenntnisleitende Dualismus zwischen Frau und Mann hat seine Geburtsstunde in dem männlichen Gesellschaftsvertrag, der Frauen aus der öffentlichen Sphäre ausschließt und sie gleichzeitig »nur« in ihrer Funktion des Gebärens und Erziehens loyaler Staatsbürger einschließt. [...]3 http://www.prokla.de/archiv/archiv111.htm (3/10/06) Article available online ?r Young, Brigitte
Hoppe, Hella 2003\ The Doha Round, Gender and Social Reproduction. Occasional Papers. Dialogue on Globalization Berlin\ Friederich-Ebert-Stiftung, http://www.fes-globalization.org/publications/030713_01_Berl.pdf GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/North-South Relations
GIPE/Field/World Market
pdf available see: Young_Hoppe_Doha_2003 ?s Fraune, Cornelia 2006U Ist Außenwirtschaftstheorie Genderblind? Ein Beitrag zu Gender in der Makroökonomik Münster SchülingM GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory y?} ! Cornwall, Andrea
Molyneux, Maxine 2006F The Politics of Rights—Dilemmas for Feminist Praxis: An Introduction 1175-1191 Third World Quarterly 27 7 Routledge GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory( Since the late 1990s, development institutions have increasingly used the language of rights in their policy and practice. This special issue on feminist perspectives on the politics of rights explores the strategies, tensions and challenges associated with ‘rights advocacy’ in a variety of settings. Articles on the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, East and South Asia explore the dilemmas that arise for feminist praxis in these diverse locations, and address the question of what rights can contribute to struggles for gender justice. They examine the intersection of formal rights—whether international human rights conventions, constitutional rights or national legislation—with the everyday realities of women in settings characterised by entrenched gender inequalities and poverty, plural legal systems and diverse cultural norms that can constitute formidable obstacles to realising rights. They suggest that these sites of struggle can create new possibilities and meanings through a politics animated by demands for social and gender justice. ?u Hoppe, Hella 2002I Feministische Ökonomik. Gender in Wirtschaftstheorien und ihren Methoden Berlin
edition sigma GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics ?v Maier, Friederike 1993X Homo Oeconomicus. Zur geschlechtsspezifischen Konstruktion der Wirtschaftswissenschaften 551-571 Prokla 93P GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Theory ?w # McBride Stetson, Dorothy
Mazur, Amy 1995 Comparative State Feminism London/New York Sage Publication U GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Field/Institutions Have institutional changes in governments resulted in policies that reduce gender-based inequities? Have such changes led to the creation of state feminism? And, if state feminism exists, are there variations in the abilities of state structures to promote feminist political agendas in the contexts of the different political, social, and cultural traditions of various countries? In Comparative State Feminism, an international team of contributors analyzes these questions, clearly describing the range and diversity of state structures formally responsible for promoting women's positions and rights in advanced industrial societies. In addition, these contributors explore the extent to which these state offices achieve feminist goals within the social, political, and historical contexts of each nation-state. Lastly, they propose, based on a cross-national comparison, the combination of political and social factors that appears to produce state structures prone to pursuing effective state feminist action. A must for students and scholars of political science, international studies, and gender studies, this volume will also interest policymakers and others involved in the affairs of government.?x
van Eyck, Kim 2005; Who Cares? Women Health Workers in the Global Labour Market Ferney-Voltaire Cedex# Public Services International (PSI)v GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Health` http://www.world-psi.org/Content/ContentGroups/English7/Publications1/Who_Cares.pdf (20/02/2007) see: PSI_Care_20056?y Wichterich, Christa 20039 Femme global. Globalisierung ist nicht geschlechtsneutral Hamburg VSAE GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
Gipe/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Privatization-Commodification
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/SAP-Structural Adjustmentu Der neoliberale Umbau der Wirtschaft und der Politik baut auf der Ungleichheit zwischen den Geschlechtern auf und schafft neue soziale Ungleichheiten.
Frauen spielen eine wichtige strategische Rolle als Billigarbeitskräfte bei der Exportorientierung und der Informalisierung von Arbeit, während die geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung in den Haushalten erstaunlich stabil bleibt. Die Staaten werden durch den Ausbau zur Wettbewerbs- und Sicherheitsmacht erneut »männlicher«, während die soziale Verantwortung durch den weltweiten Sozialabbau weiter feminisiert wird.
Nicht nur beim alltäglichen Kampf gegen die Armut und soziale Unsicherheit, sondern auch beim Widerstand gegen das Lohndumping in der Exportindustrie, gegen die Privatisierung öffentlicher Güter und gegen Biopiraterie stehen Frauen ganz vorne.
Und nicht nur in die konventionelle Politik müssen sich feministische Ansätze hineinkämpfen, auch den neuen sozialen Bewegungen müssen noch Augen und Ohren für Geschlechtergerechtigkeit geöffnet werden.
"Frauenorganisationen wollen autonome Positionen entwickeln und sich gleichzeitig in die globalisierungskritischen Bewegungen einmischen – und zwar weder am Rande noch als Fußvolk. Nach neuen theoretischen und praktischen Ansätzen gegen die neoliberale Globalisierung suchend gehen sie vorwärts. Neue Bewegungen, Allianzen und Wege sind notwendig und möglich." ?z Williams, Mariama 2003F A Reference Manual on Gender Issues in the Multilateral Trading System Commonwealth Secretariat_ GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Field/Trade ?{ World Bank, 2001r Engendering development through gender equality in rights, resources, and voice. Report on Engendering Development
Washington
World Bank. GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Human Rights T ? ! Schech, Susanne
Vas Dev, Sanjugta 2007< Gender justice: The World Bank’s new approach to the poor? 14-26 Development in Practice 17 1 GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Economic Governance
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/Asia Gender inequality is now widely acknowledged as an important factor in the spread and entrenchment of poverty. This article examines the World Development Report 2000/01 as the World Bank’s blueprint for addressing poverty in the twenty-first century along with several more recent Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) with a view to analysing the manner in which gender is incorporated into the policy-making process and whether it constitutes a new approach to gender and poverty. It is argued that World Bank’s approach to poverty is unlikely to deliver gender justice because there remain large discrepancies between the economic and social policies it prescribes. More specifically, it is contended that the Bank employs an integrationist approach that encapsulates gender issues within existing development paradigms without attempting to transform an overall development agenda whose ultimate objective is economic growth as opposed to equity. Case studies from Cambodia and Vietnam are used to illustrate these arguments.? Orock, Rogers Tabe Egbe 2007< Gender equality – whose agenda? Observations from Cameroon 93-97 Development in Practice 17 1A GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Development
Country/Africa> The political project of gender equality in Africa has gained momentum and made many achievements. However, these have been largely confined to the ‘big’ women working in the public and private bureaucratic contexts in which there is a greater commitment to gender equality. It is argued that in the context of Cameroon, until these ‘bigger’ women renew their commitment to their grassroots sisters, the experience of gender equality among will remain largely unequal. Only strong linkages between white-collar workers and less privileged women will span this chasm. Z?~ Waylen, Georgina 2006T Constitutional engineering: What opportunities for the enhancement of gender rights? 1209-1221 Third World Quarterly 27 7 RoutledgeQ GIPE/Field/Conflict-War
GIPE/Field/Institutions
GIPE/Discipline/Political ScienceN The majority of feminist scholars have neglected the impact of constitutional design to date. But it has recently come to the fore, as institutional engineering has been a key part of the efforts to ‘build democracy after conflict’ (or impose it from the outside), most notably in Iraq and Afghanistan. This paper will examine some contrasting experiences of constitutional design (with evidence drawn primarily from some transitions to democracy) and draw out some wider lessons for feminists exploring effective strategies to enhance gender rights. It will also widen the debate from the institutional concerns that have predominated to date, namely quotas as a mechanism to enhance women's descriptive representation and, to a lesser extent, national women's machineries as a mechanism to enhance women's substantive representation. It will focus more broadly on the opportunities that constitutional design can provide to embed women's rights more securely and create an enabling framework that can subsequently be used to enhance all forms of women's rights, not just civil and political ones. ? Razavi, Shahra 2006F Islamic politics, human rights and women's claims for equality in Iran 1223-1237 Third World Quarterly 27 7 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/International Relations
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Religion
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
Country/Middle-Far-East Polemical assertions about the civilisational clash between Islam and Christianity, and Islam's incompatibility with human rights and gender equality are frequently heard these days. Political Islam, however, is far from homogeneous, and the modernist and reformist currents which have emerged in many diverse contexts often seek to embrace both human rights and gender equality. This paper analyses the diverse currents of thinking that feed into the reformist orientation in Iran. The need for change and reform is being voiced not only by secular forces, but also by the ‘true believers’, who have included male lay intellectuals, some clerical authorities, and a number of feminists with an Islamic orientation. These disparate streams of reformist thinking constitute a genuinely local effort to move Islamic politics out of the cul-de-sac of traditional Islam by endorsing modernist and universal values of human rights, democracy and gender equality. While these emerging voices represent a paradigm shift in Islamic thought, their political impact has been far from significant. The reasons for this weakness are complex, and include both domestic and external factors explored in the second half of the paper. ? Patel, Reena 2006< Hindu women's property rights in India: A critical appraisal 1255-1268 Third World Quarterly 27 7 RoutledgeJ GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
Country/Asia This paper addresses the need to critically define the bases and contours of ‘rights’ as created by law. Taking the example of changes in Hindu women's position in relation to property through the rights generated by statutory and constitutional provisions, the article critically evaluates the potential for such a ‘rights regime’ to enable Hindu women's greater access to property. It argues that the idea underlying a particular claim, its legitimacy and therefore effectiveness within a legal framework must be critically evaluated. The legitimacy of claims presumptively conferred within a legal framework must be interrogated in the light of legal, historical, political and cultural contexts. Such a contextual and critical analysis is crucial for effective protection of rights claims through law. To the extent that legal regimes reflect and substantiate wider social relations, their potential for bringing about substantive change in the lives of women can only be realised through ongoing critical analyses of gender, law and society. ? / Baxi, Pratiksha
Rai, Shirin
Ali, Shaheen Sardar 2006D Legacies of common law: ‘crimes of honour’ in India and Pakistan 1239-1253 Third World Quarterly 27 7 Routledge> Country/Asia
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Theory/IPE Through a comparative analysis of crimes of ‘honour’ in India and Pakistan and an examination of appellate judgments from the two countries, we reflect upon how a rights-based discourse of modern nation-states forms a complex terrain where citizenship of the state and membership of communities are negotiated and contested through the unfolding of complex legal rituals in both sites. We identify two axes to explore the complex nature of the interaction between modernity and tradition. The first is that of governance of polities (state statutory governance bodies) and the second is the governance of communities (caste panchayats and jirgahs). We conclude that the diverse legacies of common law in India and Pakistan frame an anxious relationship with the categories of tradition and modernity, which inhabit spaces in between the governance of polities and the governance of communities, and constantly reconstitute the relationship between the local, national and the global. ? Gideon, Jasmine 2006T Accessing economic and social rights under neoliberalism: Gender and rights in Chile 1269-1283 Third World Quarterly 27 7 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
Country/Latin America-Carribean
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade There is now a general consensus regarding the importance of social and economic rights within development and, recently, the language of women's human rights has been adopted by organisations that focus on gender and development and draw mainly upon economic and social analysis. Despite some limitations from a gender perspective, human rights instruments such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (icescr) can offer an important focus for such groups to claim these rights. Nevertheless, the challenge of upholding treaty obligations and guaranteeing rights to all citizens remains, particularly within the context of the neoliberal reforms that have been widely implemented in both the North and the South. Drawing on the case of Chile, this paper will consider how access to certain rights, including the rights to social security and health, can be made more difficult for some women and men as a consequence of processes following trade liberalisation and health sector reforms. An analysis of power relations is central to understanding the failure of states to guarantee an enabling environment for women's enjoyment of their social and economic rights, as many women remain excluded from decision-making processes within policy arenas. ? Bradshaw, Sarah 2006N Is the rights focus the right focus? Nicaraguan responses to the rights agenda 1329-1341 Third World Quarterly 27 7 Routledge GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Field/Women's Movementsc This article explores the limitations of a rights focus for furthering women's claims for social change and, more specifically, as a focus for mobilising women around these claims. It analyses the experiences of a feminist ngo that has used a rights approach and draws on interviews undertaken with key representatives of women's groups in Nicaragua. Many groups use the rights discourse and see utility in its unifying language, around which collective actions can be mobilised. However, the notion of ‘rights based development’ is a little understood concept in the women's movements and, when recognised, is seen to be part of the donor agenda. The paper explores what this means for women's actions for change, questioning the repackaging of gender as rights and raising concerns about the ability of a rights focus alone to challenge unequal power relations. D?M # Afshar, Haleh
Barrientos, Stephanie 1999> Women, Globalization and Fragmentation in the Developing World Women's Studies at York Series New York St. Martin's Pressm GIPE/Discipline/Microeconomics
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study This book consists of eleven essays that explore the gendered implications of globalization at
the grass roots in developing countries. The introduction provides an overview of the concept of
globalization, of the gendered effects of contemporary economic and political changes as well as of
the response to negative social effects. In regard to the empowerment potential of women's trade
related employment it is argued that advances in the workplace do not easily transfer into improved
gender relations within the households as men carefully safeguard their privileged position. The
editors also discuss the gendered impacts of structural adjustment and the trend of the weakening of
the (welfare) state under globalization, more generally. They note that women-led grassroots
organizations often compensate for the withdrawal of the state from its responsibility of providing
social services. Hence, the time and goodwill of women is again exploited. Concern is expressed
for the rise of fundamentalist forces that oppose the effects of "modernization" on institutions like
the family and on the role of women. It is argued that although the twenty-first century will present
women with difficult choices, it also opens up spaces for gender regime contestation and
possibilities for empowerment. The collection includes case studies from India, Iran, Egypt, Chile,
Costa Rica, Indonesia, Islamic Republic, Mexico, Nigeria, Tajikistan and the UK. Two of the
contributions have a more direct link to economic globalization than the rest. The first of these
explores the situation of working women along the fruit supply chain linking Chile and the UK. It
is shown that women in both countries are trapped in flexible and low quality employment. The
second contribution is a case study on the relation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and
changes in female employment in Thailand. The study reveals that FDI have lead to temporary
labor migration of rural women to areas of export manufacturing, and that the new work has failed
to empower the women. (From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization: an annotated bibliography, United Nations Publications, 2003.) ?
Walby, Sylvia 2004K The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Regime 4-29 Social Politics 11 1 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/Transformation
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Methodology/Theory The implications of the development of the European Union for gender equality are analyzed through an assessment of the development of a path-dependent form of the gender regime in the EU. Two issues underpin this analysis, one concerning the theorization of gender relations, the second concerning the nature of EU powers. The analysis of gender inequality requires more than a simple scale of inequalities and additionally requires the theorization of the extent and nature of the interconnections between different dimensions of the gender regime. The powers of the EU are extending beyond the narrowly economic in complex ways. (Social Politics) ? Stratigaki, Maria 2004a The Cooptation of Gender Concepts in EU Policies: The Case of "Reconciliation of Work and Family" 30-56 Social Politics 11 1 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Methodology/Theorya The article contends that gender equality policy objectives become part of the main political agenda of the European Union only after their meaning has been transformed to satisfy other policy priorities. A content analysis of relevant official EU acts, from the First European Commission's Social Action Programme (1974) to the Conclusions of the Barcelona European Council (2002) and the Fifth EU Action Programme for Gender Equality (2001–2005), shows how a concept introduced to encourage gender equality in the labor market, the "reconciliation of working and family life," gradually shifted in meaning from an objective with feminist potential ("sharing family responsibilities between women and men") to a market-oriented objective ("encouraging flexible forms of employment") as it became incorporated in the European Employment Strategy of the 1990s. I argue that this process can be characterized as cooptation because the goals of the original proposals are undermined by shifting the meanings of the original concepts to fit into the prevailing political and economic priorities in the EU. (Social Politics) ? Zippel, Kathrin 2004f Transnational Advocacy Networks and Policy Cycles in the European Union: The Case of Sexual Harassment 57-85 Social Politics 11 1 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/Women's MovementG This article expands and modifies the concept of Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink of a transnational advocacy network (TAN) to explain the interaction between institutional and noninstitutionalized actors in the complex policy-making cycles in the European Union. I look at how the gender equality TAN successfully raised the issue of sexual harassment in the EU in the early 1980s and brought it into the amended 1976 Equal Treatment Directive in 2002 and explain this with three factors. First, TANs create policy expertise through the exchange of information and knowledge across borders among activists, experts, and policy makers, with both insiders and outsiders sharing an interest in creating transnational expertise. Second, newer international organizations and institutions, like the EU, offer activists a more open terrain to advance their goals. Third, the "boomerang pattern" identified by Keck and Sikkink occurs as a "ping-pong effect" in the EU because of its multilevel policy-making structure, which provides both challenges and opportunities for advocates. (Social Politics) ? Kenney, Sally J. 2004N Equal Employment Opportunity and Representation: Extending the Frame to Courts 86-116 Social Politics 11 1t GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/UK-Ireland The system of selecting judges in Britain is undergoing major transformation in the area of integration of women. Three lawsuits helped place the gender of judges on the agenda, moving the issue into the mainstream of political concern. By contributing to the extension of the concepts of equal employment opportunity and representation to encompass the selection of judges, they helped paved the way for the appointment of more women judges. In this essay I explore why discursive change matters, why the courts in Britain are an important venue for observing this change, and what this process has to do with the wider issue of the European Union's effect on national-level feminist politics. (Social Politics)=? $ Pudrovska, Tetyana
Marx Ferree, Myra 2004v Global Activism in "Virtual Space": The European Women's Lobby in the Network of Transnational Women's NGOs on the Web 117-143 Social Politics 11 1 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Virtual Space-Networks
GIPE/Field/Women's Movement
GIPE/Field/EU Web sites are a part of the organizational practices of women's nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and thus a new source of data about their identities and responses to the structure of political opportunities. Using network analysis of Internet links between the Web sites of 30 transnational women's organizations and content analysis of all posted material on the sites, this article explores how the European Women's Lobby (EWL) positions itself among other transnational women's groups on the Web and communicates its identity electronically. We find that the EWL places itself less globally than it might, which reflects its intra-EU mandate. More than other sites, it avoids using the term "feminist" but frames women as active and organized and emphasizes agency, politics, law, and global sisterhood as themes. Compared with other sites, family and reproductive health are under-referenced, indicating areas marginalized by the economic terms of the EU mandate. We conclude that the Web presence of the EWL reflects a reasonable picture of the intersection of feminist concerns with the EU structure of opportunity, making Web sites a useful window into feminist practices. (Social Politics) ?
Walby, Sylvia 2005@ Gender Mainstreaming: Productive Tensions in Theory and Practice 321-343 Social Politics 12 3n GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Methodology/Theory ?
Verloo, Mieke 2005 Displacement and Empowerment: Reflections on the Concept and Practice of the Council of Europe Aproach to Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality 344-365 Social Politics 12 3O GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming This article measures one of the foundational texts of gender mainstreaming, namely, the final report of the Group of Specialists on Mainstreaming (Council of Europe 1998) against theoretical concepts of displacement and empowerment. While the Council of Europe process approach is shown to be a fundamental "displacing" asset, there are important shortcomings, such as its consensualist premise, lack of space for oppositional politics, and general technocratic understanding of gender mainstreaming, hindering empowerment. The ambivalence of its articulation of the goal of gender equality is particularly problematic in view of the logic of the dual agenda in gender mainstreaming. More explicit power analyses are highly needed. (Social Politics) ? Squires, Judith 2005f Is Mainstreaming Transformative? Theorizing Mainstreaming in the Context of Diversity and Deliberation 366-388 Social Politics 12 3 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Discipline/Philosophy of Science
GIPE/Methodology/Theory` This article locates mainstreaming within a typology of inclusion, reversal, and displacement and maps these three approaches to mainstreaming, outlining the strengths and weaknesses of each. It focuses on the potential of the transformative approach and suggests that, if augmented by the resources of deliberative democracy, this transformative model of mainstreaming is best placed to respond to the increasingly important demands of diversity. It suggests that deliberative mechanisms, such as citizens’ forums, could be useful in enhancing this transformative model of mainstreaming. (Social Politics) p ? Lombardo, Emanuela 2005c Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the European Constitution-Making Process 412-432 Social Politics 12 3t GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Governance
GIPE/Field/LawD The European Union (EU) constitution-making process has adopted an "integrating" rather than an "agenda-setting" approach to gender mainstreaming. This argument draws on analysis of both the European Constitutional Convention and its product—the Constitutional Treaty. Five indicators of application of mainstreaming serve as reference points for exploring how it has been applied in the EU Constitutional Convention: a broader concept of gender equality, the incorporation of a gender perspective into the mainstream, equal representation of women, the prioritization of gender policy objectives, and a shift in institutional and organizational culture. The article provides a tentative explanation for the failure of the EU constitution-making process to adopt an "agenda-setting" approach to gender mainstreaming. (Social Politics)J?
Daly, Mary 2005+ Gender Mainstreaming in Theory and Practice 433-450 Social Politics 12 3y GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison
GIPE/Methodology/Case StudyY This article utilizes the findings of a recently completed, eight-country research project to visit some key issues in the theory and practice of gender mainstreaming. The research results indicate that gender mainstreaming is a diverse entity when looked at from a cross-national perspective but rather hollow when considered within the national setting. To the extent that there is a "common core" to gender mainstreaming in action across countries, it lies in the tendency to apply the approach in a technocratic way and to be nonsystemic in compass. The argument is advanced that this is at least in part attributable to particularities in the development of mainstreaming. The article suggests that gender mainstreaming is underdeveloped as a concept and identifies a need to elaborate further on some fundaments. In particular, the conceptualization of mainstreaming needs to be rethought with special attention devoted to the understanding of the problematic of gender inequality that underlies it and the articulation of the relationship between gender mainstreaming and societal change. (Social Politics) ? Masson, Dominique 2006X Constructing Scale/ Contesting Scale: Women's Movement and Rescaling Politics in Québec 462-486 Social Politics 13 4 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Field/Space-Geography
GIPE/Field/Women's Movement
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/USA-Canadaj Scalar shifts in public capacities and responsibilities are an important element of the way states have been restructuring in North America and in Europe. Women’s movements respond to these changes in various ways, including the rescaling of collective action. This article focuses on the rising importance of the (subprovincial) region in Québec women’s movement politics to understand how new scales of action are constituted or granted a renewed importance by women’s movements. Drawing on theoretical contributions from the human geography literature on scale, state rescaling, and scalar politics, I show how the region has been materially and discursively constructed by Québec women’s movement actors as a legitimate and relevant scale for feminist politics. This has involved an intricate and dynamic relationship with two different state projects of downward rescaling. Although it provided some real opportunities, it has also created difficulties and dilemmas for women’s movement actors, who have also contested the primacy of the region in Québec government’s new scalar arrangements. (Social Politics) ? Mills, Lisa 2006: Maternal Health Policy and the Politics of Scale in Mexico 487-521 Social Politics 13 4 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Privatization-Commodification
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/Latin America-CarribeanA Since 1987, international organizations have accorded greater attention to the problem of maternal mortality, particularly with the inclusion of its reduction in the Millennium Development Goals. This article examines maternal health policies in Mexico, focusing on interactions between the international, national, and local scales and considering the case of local projects in two states, Chiapas and Guerrero. Although the discourse of maternal health expressed at the international level has facilitated the creation of networks dedicated to maternal health, the restructuring of health services in Mexico and the rescaling of their provision have often conflicted with the realization of this goal. The impact of decentralizing health services has differed according to (a) the timing and nature of decentralization; (b) the number and expertise of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working on maternal health issues, and the connections between these NGOs and international networks; and (c) the responsiveness of the state governments to maternal health issues. (Social Politics) ;? MacRae, Heather 2006\ Rescaling Gender Relations: The Influence of European Directives on the German Gender Regime 522-550 Social Politics 13 4 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Law
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/Germany During the 1960s–1990s, a gradual yet definite shift in the organization of gender politics in the European Union (EU) and member states has become apparent. This shift began with the implementation of the early gender directives of the 1970s and has since evolved to include a partial "rescaling" of policy-making from national to transnational spaces and a gradual redefinition of gender regimes and policies at the national level. As a result, gender policy cannot be viewed as either predominantly transnational or national but arises through interaction of multiple and coexisting policy spaces. In this article, I use a multiscalar analysis to highlight this complex interaction. I draw on (West) Germany as a specific case study to offer a historical analysis of the implementation of the early European gender directives and the manner in which these developments have contributed to the redirection of the German gender regime and the emergence of a new "hybrid regime." (Social Politics) ? Lewis, Jane 2003 Economic Citizenship: A Comment 176-185 Social Politics 10 2| GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics The call for economic citizenship in the sense of economic autonomy for women, entailing both economic freedom and security and inscribing caring rights, would meet with the approval of most European feminist writers on social policy. But there are problems, from a European perspective, with the way Alice Kessler-Harris frames and develops her argument. First, economic citizenship is elaborated in contradistinction to social rights and entitlements; economic and social rights are conceptualized as belonging in separate boxes. However, in European welfare states, the work/welfare relationship has always been central to the development of social policies, and it is more a question of unpacking the way this relationship has been reformulated over time. Second, it puts labor market participation firmly in the driver's seat and then suggests terms and conditions that will facilitate women's employment. This is, in fact, a pretty fair picture of where policy in many Western European countries (and at the level of the European Commission) has arrived. It is in effect to advocate an adult worker model family with collectively provided supports for families. I argue, however, that such a position is insufficient to ensure gender equality. Indeed, to address the issue of gender equality we need to specify a more complicated policy grid that takes in both employment and workplace-focused policies and care-focused policies. (Social Politics) ? " Gershuny, Jonathan
Sullivan, Oriel 2003+ Time Use, Gender, and Public Policy Regimes 205-228 Social Politics 10 2u GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics A number of general features of interest in a social policy context emerge from the evidence for changes in patterns of time use. The question that we address here is: is it possible to specify public policy regime effects on patterns of time use? Some hypotheses are advanced concerning likely patterns of relationship between the liberal and social-democratic public policy regimes and the use of time in these societies. The data used are drawn from a multinational time-use data archive held at the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Essex. A clear relationship is found between public policy regime and paid work time (those in liberal market regimes work longer on average), however, there are no consistent regime effects found either for the amount of time spent in different leisure activities or in respect of the domestic division of labor. The conclusion is that, at least in relation to the time-use variables used in the these analyses, the gender division of domestic labor and type of leisure activity represent different dimensions of variability than those commonly used in the classification of public policy regimes. (Social Politics) ? MacRae, Heather 2003` Morality, Censorship, and Discrimination: Reframing the Pornography Debate in Germany and Europe 314-345 Social Politics 10 2 GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Sex Work
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory The German state has traditionally regulated the distribution of pornography based on the perceived need to protect the moral development of minors. In recent years, feminists have attempted to demonstrate that pornography is not only dangerous for youth but is a form of violence and discrimination against women. This article addresses the attempt by feminists to reframe the regulation of pornography at the German and the European levels. It argues that although several factors limited their success at the German level, feminists are finding that the European level might offer new opportunities to reframe the pornography debate. (Social Policy)? Agustín, Laura M. 2003 A Migrant World of Services 377-396 Social Politics 10 2X GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Sex Work= The strong demand for women's domestic, caring, and sexual labor in contemporary Europe promotes migrations from many parts of the world. This article examines the history of concepts that marginalize these as unproductive services (and not really "work") and questions why the west accepts the semifeudal conditions and lack of regulations pertaining to this sector. I argue that the moral panic over trafficking and the limited feminist debate on "prostitution" contribute to a climate that ignores the social problems of the majority of women migrants. (Social Politics)8 ? Kurz, Demie
Hirsch, Amy 2003< Welfare Reform and Child Support Policy in the United States 397-412 Social Politics 10 2b GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Welfare
Country/USA-Canada@ In all the debate over the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act in the United States, little attention has been paid to the impact of welfare reform on women's ability to secure child support, a key to bringing single mothers out of poverty. Advocates of welfare reform claim it will reduce women's poverty, but we argue that this legislation actually makes it difficult for poor women to receive adequate child support because the legislation is written to serve the interests of the government, not those of poor women and children. We argue that the goals of child support policies in the United States must change from punitive attempts to enforce child support orders to the type of child support assurance policies found in other welfare states that guarantee basic benefits for children. (Social Politics)-? McCall, Leslie
Orloff, Ann 2005Q Introduction to Special Issue of Social Politics: "Gender, Class, and Capitalism" 159-169 Social Politics 12 2 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory ? Soskice, David 2005= Varieties of Capitalism and Cross-National Gender Differences 170-179 Social Politics 12 2e GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Theory? Estévez-Abe, Margarita 2005e Gender Bias in Skills and Social Policies: The Varieties of Capitalism Perspective on Sex Segregation 180-215 Social Politics 12 2 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison
GIPE/Field/Social Policies\ This article develops a novel skilled-based theory to explain patterns of occupational segregation by gender in advanced industrial societies. This new approach brings together insights from two critical literatures: the varieties of capitalism literature and feminist studies of welfare states. The central claim is that firm-specific skills discriminate against women, whereas general skills are more gender-neutral. This article thus attributes cross-national variations in occupational segregation to differences in national skill profiles: those countries in which a large number of employers rely on firm-specific skills experience greater degrees of occupational segregation by gender. This work also explores the potential interactive effects of social policy regimes and national skill profiles on occupational segregation by gender. (Social Politics) a? Morgan, Kimberly J. 2005T The "Production" of Child Care: How Labor Markets Shape Social Policy and Vice Versa 243-263 Social Politics 12 2 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Field/Employment
Country/DK-SF-Norway-Sweden
Country/France
Country/USA-Canada This article examines child care policies in three countries-France, Sweden, and the United States-to explore the links between labor markets and social policy and to probe the applicability of the "varieties of capitalism" literature to the human services. Countries differ in the extent to which they subsidize early childhood care and education programs, reflecting, in part, the nature of the child care workforce. In liberal market economies such as the United States, a low-skill, low-wage workforce has enabled a private market of child care to develop, letting federal and state governments off the hook from having to subsidize these programs. In the more coordinated market economies of Western Europe, by contrast, higher labor market regulations, wages, and rates of unionization raise the cost of labor and impede the growth of a private child care market. As a result, governments aiming to promote women’s employment or assure the education of young children will feel pressed to provide extensive public subsidies for these services. While these differences reflect long-standing variations in labor market skill regimes, strong public sector unions also shape diverging trajectories in the "production" of child care services. (Social Politics) ? England, Paula 2005J Gender Inequality in Labor Markets: The Role of Motherhood and Segregation 264-288 Social Politics 12 2M GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/USA-Canada This article provides an overview of gender inequality in labor markets in the United States. I show trends in labor force participation, occupational segregation, and the pay gap. Though my main focus is the United States, I note where similar findings exist for other affluent nations. I explain what we know from past research about the causes of inequality and note the gaps in our knowledge. In broad brush strokes, the sex gap in pay in the United States has two major sources: the segregation of jobs and the effects of women’s responsibility for childrearing. My major thesis is that at least in the United States, these two are largely unrelated. That is, the causes of segregation do not seem to be largely about women’s mothering responsibilities, and the penalties for motherhood do not appear to flow largely through segregation. This thesis is at odds with much thinking among economists, who have seen segregation as a rational response by employers and employees to gender differences in intermittence of employment. In this economic view, women choose more "mother-friendly" jobs, which maximize their earnings conditional on intermittent and flexible employment but tradeoff on-the-job training, higher earnings, and steeper wage trajectories to do so. (Social Politics)? Charles, Maria 2005> National Skill Regimes, Postindustrialism, and Sex Segregation 289-316 Social Politics 12 2 GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Discipline/Macroeconomics
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Sociology
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative Data from ten industrial market societies are used to assess the relative explanatory power of two macro-structural accounts of crossnational variability in occupational sex segregation: one by Estévez-Abe, Iversen, and Soskice (in Varieties of Capitalism), which emphasizes effects of labor-market skill regimes and social policy provisions, and an alternative account, which emphasizes the segregating effects of postindustrial economic restructuring. Results suggest that a country’s level of postindustrial economic development is the more powerful predictor of men’s and women’s relative occupational distributions. Service sector expansion and economic rationalization interact with deeply institutionalized ideologies of gender difference to intensify some forms of gender inequality, generating surprising patterns of cross-national variation in sex segregation. Although occupational training requirements and social policy provisions undoubtedly help shape individual career choices, these institutional arrangements are themselves influenced by cultural beliefs about what men and women are good at and how they behave.
(Social Politics) ? von Wahl, Angelika 2005h Liberal, Conservative, Social Democratic, or ... European? The European Union as Equal Employment Regime 67-95 Social Politics 12 2_ GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Theory/Institutionalismt How do the dynamics of the multitiered European Union (EU) affect national equal employment policies for women? This article introduces the concept of equal employment regimes and asks if and how such regimes are being integrated in the EU. I argue that states cluster according to the equal employment policies they formulate, implement, and enforce. A review of existing national gender equality policies in Western Europe (such as equal pay and positive action) in relation to their timing, extent, and implementation investigates the robustness of the notion of equal employment regimes. This national-level review is then contrasted to an analysis of the supranational level and concludes that the EU equal employment policy regime is not the outcome of a simple convergence of existing national regimes but rather reflects the expanding Europeanization of gender politics. As such the EU can be conceptualized as a forth regime type with its own policies, institutional features, and mechanisms. Recent literature on Europeanization helps theorize the differences between the national and the EU level on this issue. (Social Politics) y? Skevik, Anne 2005i Women’s Citizenship in the Time of Activation: The Case of Lone Mothers in "Needs-Based" Welfare States 42-66 Social Politics 12 2 GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Social Policies
GIPE/Field/Welfare
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study9 An important international trend in welfare state change is the emphasis on activation, meaning participation in paid employment. What are the implications of this for women’s citizenship? The article selects three countries with a tradition for recognising caring work, labeled "needs-based" welfare states (Norway, Australia, and New Zealand), and looks at 1990s developments in policies toward lone mothers. Two dimensions are emphasized: the recognition of lone mothers’ caring obligations, and the mothers’ right to pursue autonomous life projects. The article concludes that activation policies for lone mothers in these countries have been implemented in a way sensitive to their caring obligations but that problematic issues arise over the issues of autonomy and limits to state intervention. (Social Politics)I? # Kligman, Gail
Limoncelli, Stephanie 2005G Trafficking Women after Socialism: To, Through, and From Eastern Europe 118-140 Social Politics 12 2 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Bio-politics-Body
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Violence
Country/former SU? Govinda, Radhika 2006F The politics of the marginalised: Dalits and women's activism in India 181-190 Gender & Development 14 2o GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste
Country/Asia The assertion of Dalit interests has posed new challenges for the women's movement in India, which has been criticised for its lack of engagement with Dalit women and their interests. Some women's activists have begun to respond to this critique. Yet this article argues that caste identity still determines the place that women activists - upper caste and Dalit - are given by villagers in their fieldwork and within women's organisations. The article also explores how Dalit women are using their caste identity, alongside their identity as village-level activists, to further their interests beyond the realm of women's activism. By doing so, they are celebrating their personal experiences as political. (Gender and Development)2? ) Beveridge, Fiona
Nott, Sue
Stephen, Kylie 2000F Mainstreaming and the Engendering of Policy-Making: A Means to an End? 385-405! Journal of European Public Policy 7 3p GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/UK-Ireland The present United Kingdom government has pledged that it will put women at the heart of government. A variety of initiatives have been taken in order to honour this pledge including the implementation of an equality strategy known as mainstreaming. Mainstreaming requires the integration of a gender perspective into policy-making. This article will examine the case for mainstreaming and what practical steps have been taken to put it into effect at Westminster and in the arrangements for devolving power to the new regional assemblies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Particular attention will be paid to the impact that mainstreaming has had on women's representation, their ability to play a role in government and the elimination of gender inequality. This analysis will conclude with an assessment of the potential of these mainstreaming initiatives to effect substantive change to policy-making judged on the basis of criteria developed during the course of the article. (Journal of European Public Policy) ? " Booth, Christine
Bennett, Cinnamon 2002* Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union 430-446# European Journal of Women's Studies 9 4O GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming This article aims to make a contribution to the conceptualization of mainstreaming gender equality promoted by the European Union. It starts by exploring the historical periodization of equal opportunities delivery strategies and challenging the compartmentalization of these developments. It suggests that equality policies can better be conceptualized in terms of a 'three-legged equality stool', which recognizes the interconnectiveness of three perspectives - the equal treatment perspective, the women's perspective and the gender perspective. The article argues that the gender perspective has been closely associated with strategies for mainstreaming gender equality, but that this association is misleading. As a result mainstreaming has remained a 'fuzzy' concept, which in turn has led to many different styles and forms of practical implementation in European member states. (Journal of European Women's Studies)3?
Childs, Sarah 2002< Hitting the Target: Are Labour Women MPs 'acting for' Women? 143-153 Parliamentary Affairs 55 1h GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Institutions
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/UK-Ireland Feminist conceptions of political representation often claim a link between descriptive and substantive representation; that women representatives are more likely to act for women than male representatives. The election of 101 Labour women MPs to the House of Commons in 1997 provides an opportunity to examine this claim in practice. This paper is based in interviews with new intake Labour women MPs in both 1997 and 2000. It shows that many of them seek to and consider that they have substantively represented women since their election. see: Childs_WomenMPs_2002 ? Grosser, Kate
Moon, Jeremy 20058 Gender Mainstreaming and Corporate Social Responsibility 327-340* International Feminist Journal of Politics 7 4 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Corporate Governance-Responsibility
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming This paper investigates the potential and actual contribution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to gender equality in a framework of gender mainstreaming (GM). It introduces GM as combining technical systems (monitoring, reporting, evaluating) with political processes (women’s participation in decision-making) and considers the ways in which this is compatible with CSR agendas. It examines the inclusion of gender equality criteria within three related CSR tools: human capital management (HCM) reporting, CSR reporting guidelines, and socially responsible investment (SRI) criteria on employee and diversity issues. Although evidence is found of gender equality information being requested within several CSR related reporting frameworks, these requirements are mostly limited in scope, or remain optional elements. The nature and extent of relevant stakeholder opportunities are investigated to explain this unfulfilled potential. (International Feminist Journal of Politics) ? Guerrina, Roberta 2002X Mothering in Europe: Feminist Critique of European Policies on Motherhood and Employment 49-68# European Journal of Women's Studies 9 1w GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Discipline/Labour Studies
GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Law This article looks at the role of the European Union in promoting substantive equality for men and women in the European labour market. For this purpose it looks at the assumptions about gender roles and gender divisions of labour enshrined by EU directives on maternity rights and parental leave. The article presents a theoretical discussion of the role of EU policies in protecting women's rights and thus promoting a socioeconomic model that allows men and women to reconcile work and family life. The main policies at the heart of this research are the 1992 Pregnant Worker Directive, the 1996 Parental Leave Directive, the 1992 Childcare Recommendations and the 2000 Council Resolution on Balanced Participation in Work and Family Life. The article thus assesses the gender biases of EU policies and the ensuing implications for the future of gender relations and socioeconomic trends in Europe. (European Journal of Women's Studies) y? Shaw, Jo 2002g The European Union and Gender Mainstreaming: Constitutionally Embedded or Comprehensively Marginalised? 213-226 Feminist Legal Studies 10 3-4^ GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/Law
GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU` This paper examines the extent to which gender mainstreaming is constitutionally embedded in the legal framework of the European Union. Within the framework of that broad question it examines three sub-questions concerning the robustness and constitutionalised nature of the E.U.'s `equality regime', the extent of adaptation to mainstreaming methodologies by supranational institutions such as the Court of Justice, and the extent of the gender dimension in the debates which are shaping the future of the European Union, especially the 2002–3 Convention on the Future of the Union and the Commission's Governance White Paper of 2001.The E.U. is analysed in this article as an emergent, non-state, postnational constitutionalised polity. The first section presents this perspective, and the succeeding three sections engage with the three` sub-questions' outlined above. The conclusion suggests that as yet, while gender concerns may be constitutionally embedded in the Treaty framework, they are less prominent in the constitutional politics of the Convention and the Governance White Paper. (Feminist Legal Studies)7? Woodward, Alison 2003M European Gender Mainstreaming: Promises and Pitfalls of Transformative Policy 65-88 Review of Policy Research 20 1O GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/EU@ Gender mainstreaming requires a radical redefinition of policy values and practices. This initial discussion explores the way the mainstreaming approach attempts to change the definitions of the situation so that equality in gender relations becomes an element at the point of departure. Factors that may affect whether gender mainstreaming will become an institutional innovation include the extent to which there is a commitment to a gender mission, the level of sophistication in terms of gender and policy issues in the administrative setting, the level of resistance to gender equality, and the extent to which gender experts play a role. This article investigates the role of these contextual factors as related to experiences in the European Union Commission and several states in Northern Europe. (Review of Policy Research) F? Woodward, Alison 20056 Too Late for Mainstreaming? The Challenge of Diversity* International Feminist Journal of Politics 7 4^ GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative% The strategy of mainstreaming or the transversal insertion of requirements for social equality or environmental consideration has been one of the most dramatic policy innovations in the last 15 years. Gender activists have been the most successful in anchoring their demands for policy responsiveness by seeing gender mainstreaming become a basic requirement for several types of European recognition as well as requirement for government propositions at all levels. The very success of the tactic has led it to be adapted by other issue interest groups. Policy should be tested not only for its ability to promote gender equality, but also issues such as sensitivity to diversity issues. This contribution examines the recent developments in European Union policy regarding gender and the other issues covered by Article 13 and the extent to which mainstreaming is an approach appropriate to all the categories covered in the Article. It is based on interviews with social activists for transnational organizations in the European Union in the Social Platform. ? Woodward, Alison
Lyon, Dawn 2004Z Gender and Time at the Top: Cultural Constructions of Time in High-Level Careers and Homes 205-221# European Journal of Women's Studies 11 2 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/Belgium-Lux-NL
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative The demand for long working hours in leading positions is seen as a primary obstacle for women entering decision-making, leading to suggestions that public policy support better compatibility between work life and home. The paradox of high-level positions is that while leaders are said to have it all in terms of autonomy and self-determination, they are subject to significant temporal constraints. This article explores the character of the time of women and men pursuing high-level careers in business and politics in Belgium, where state support for the domestic sphere is high, and yet women’s advance in management and politics has been relatively low. This research is based on a questionnaire survey and career history interviews. Women and men engaged in demanding careers organize their domestic worlds in segmented and rationalized ways, while their work has the character of more open and fluid time. This article suggests that assumptions about the character of time in different spheres of life need to be reviewed before further efforts are made to use family-friendly policies to increase women’s presence in decision-making. (European Journal of Women's Studies)F?
Verloo, Mieke 2006? Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union 211-228# European Journal of Women's Studies 13 3e GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/EU
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste
GIPE/Field/Discrimination> The European Union (EU), a pioneer in gender equality policies, is moving from predominantly attending to gender inequality, towards policies that address multiple inequalities. This article argues that there are tendencies at EU level to assume an unquestioned similarity of inequalities, to fail to address the structural level and to fuel the political competition between inequalities. Based upon a comparison of specific sets of inequalities (class, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation and gender), this article explores where and how structural and political intersectionality might be relevant. It argues that a ‘one size fits all’ approach to addressing multiple discrimination is based on an incorrect assumption of sameness or equivalence of the social categories connected to inequalities and of the mechanisms and processes that constitute them. Focusing on similarities ignores the differentiated character and dynamics of inequalities. It also overlooks the political dimension of equality goals. Moreover, it has become clear that attention to structural mechanisms and to the role of the state and the private sphere in reproducing inequalities is much needed. The final part of the article presents constructive ideas for a more comprehensive way of addressing multiple inequalities. (European Journal of Women's Studies) 4 ? Yuval-Davis, Nira 2006' Intersectionality and Feminist Politics 193-209 # European Journal of Women's Studies 13 3 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste
GIPE/Field/Human Rights This article explores various analytical issues involved in conceptualizing the interrelationships of gender, class, race and ethnicity and other social divisions. It compares the debate on these issues that took place in Britain in the 1980s and around the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism. It examines issues such as the relative helpfulness of additive or mutually constitutive models of intersectional social divisions; the different analytical levels at which social divisions need to be studied, their ontological base and their relations to each other. The final section of the article attempts critically to assess a specific intersectional methodological approach for engaging in aid and human rights work in the South. (European Journal of Women's Studies)t ? Tuori, Salla 2007R Cooking Nation: Gender Equality and Multiculturalism as Nation-Building Discourses 21-35# European Journal of Women's Studies 14 1 GIPE/Discipline/Political Science
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Knowledge
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/DK-SF-Norway-Sweden5 This article explores the discourses of multiculturalism and gender equality in relation to nation-building in Finland. The two discourses relate differently to the nation so that gender equality is seen as inherent to the nation while multiculturalism is seen as a challenge posed from outside. Nevertheless, the two discourses are dependent upon each other and cite each other. The material for the analysis is a document produced by an NGO-based multicultural women’s project in Finland. The article can also be read as a contribution to the debate over the compatibility between gender equality and multiculturalism through an analysis of how gender equality - as an ideology and as a set of practices - is deeply embedded in the production of otherness in the Finnish context. (European Journal of Women's Studies)?
Coyle, Angela 2007u Resistance, Regulation and Rights: The Changing Status of Polish Women’s Migration and Work in the ‘New’ Europe 37-50# European Journal of Women's Studies 14 1 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/EU-Enlargement
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/Middle-Eastern-EuropeN Faced with high levels of unemployment and discrimination in Poland, Polish women have made up a very large proportion of those leaving the former Communist states of central Europe, to work in EU member states. They have constituted a large undocumented migrant workforce in Europe, usually working as domestic workers and carers in the informal economy. Poland’s membership of the EU is starting to regulate Polish women’s work abroad and to increase their access to better paid and skilled work in the formal labour market. New market-led immigration policies in Europe are still selective and restricted however. What Polish women really need from the EU is help in securing a new framework of gender equality and equal treatment in Poland that offers hope for an improvement in their rights at home. (European Journal of Women's Studies)f? P Maroto-Navarro, Gracia
Castaño-López, Esther
del Mar García-Calvente, María 2007 Indifference, Demandingness and Resignation Regarding Support for Childrearing. A Qualitative Study with Mothers from Granada, Spain 51-67# European Journal of Women's Studies 14 1s GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Interviews
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative This article explores the maternal experiences of a heterogeneous group of 26 mothers from Granada (Andalusia, Spain). The aim is to analyse the needs and demands that these women express with regard to childrearing, using a qualitative methodology. The authors conducted in-depth interviews and analysed the discourses of the mothers following the hermeneutical method. The variables used for sample selection and the themes that emerged during the interviews revealed that the discourses of the mothers revolve around three dimensions: indifference, demands and resignation regarding support for childrearing. The lack of paternal involvement in childrearing appears as a transversal dimension. This article shows that the material conditions of existence marked the differences in the responses of the women regarding support for childrearing, while the sexual division of labour and gender inequalities unified their discourses. (European Journal of Women's Studies) ? Franz, Barbara 2003 Transplanted or Uprooted? Integration Efforts of Bosnian Refugees Based Upon Gender, Class and Ethnic Differences in New York City and Vienna 135-157# European Journal of Women's Studies 10 2 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Race,Class,Caste
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Methodology/Comparison+ During their settlement in Vienna and New York City, Bosnian refugees experienced class and ethnic conflicts. While the integration mechanisms of the two host societies differed substantially, Bosnian men and women have developed quite different networks. Bosnian women in the Vienna sample developed often lasting relationships with natives or other non-refugees that eventually led to permanent jobs and rather substantial networks. They integrated particularly into wider majority societal circles. However, even though women in Vienna developed substantial networks, clashes based on different social classes often resulted in conflicts in the women's work environment. Bosnian women and men in New York City only rarely established similar networks with US residents and other long-term residents. Their integration occurred more along ethnic boundaries. Bosnian men in Vienna and the Bosnian refugee population in general in New York City integrated predominantly into the newly formed Bosnian communities in those locales. (European Journal of Women's Studies)/? " Nordenmark, Mikael
Nyman, Charlott 2003| Fair or Unfair? Perceived Fairness of Household Division of Labour and Gender Equality among Women and Men. The Swedish Case 181-209# European Journal of Women's Studies 10 2 GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Methodology/Interviews
GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Methodology/Qualitative
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
Country/DK-SF-Norway-Sweden The main aim of this study is to analyse how time use, individual resources, distributive justice and gender ideology influence perceptions of fairness concerning housework and gender equality. The analyses are based on survey data as well as on an interview study, both including Swedish couples. The quantitative results show that it is only factors connected to time use (division of housework and leisure time) that are significantly correlated to both perceptions of fairness concerning division of household labour and gender equality. Although the qualitative results in part confirm this picture, they also illustrate the complexity of concepts like fairness and equality. The interviews show that there are several factors and mechanisms at work in influencing perceptions of fairness and equality that were not possible to see from the quantitative analysis alone. (European Journal of Women's Studies) ]? Hassanali, Soraya 2000U International Trade: Putting Gender into the Process, Initiatives and Lessons Learned Status of Women Canada GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements
GIPE/Field/Gender Mainstreaming
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
Country/USA-Canada This discussion paper examines how trade policymaking mechanisms can be made more conducive to putting gender issues on the trade policy agenda. It reviews: 1) the different consultation mechanisms for trade policymaking in Canada; 2) traces historically, the efforts by women's organizations both in Canada and internationally to influence trade policy negotiations, and 3) explores the gender mainstreaming approach of APEC. The paper details ‘lessons learned' and offers a number of recommendations on how to include gender analysis in future trade policymaking in Canada. A longer discussion on the role of parliamentarians in augmenting public participation in trade policymaking would have been very interesting. (Status of Women Canada)^? Lévesque, Andrée 2000T La division sexuelle et la division internationale du travail dans la mondialisation Montréal Université McGill GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Development
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Space-Geography$ This article describes the type of salaried employment working-class women hold in the North and in the South. It argues that in Western Europe and North America, the growth of the number of women in the workforce did not change significantly the gendered division of labour. The majority of women still work in positions with less social status and remuneration and in sectors such as health, social services, education, retail stores, clerical work. In developing countries in South East Asia and Mexico, the paper focuses on the abuses faced by working women in factories and export processing zones (EPZ). This broad-ranging essay provides some interesting pieces of information on the division of labour in a globalized world, but sometimes lacks focus in the argumentation. (Status of Women Canada) ? 2 Babb, Keturah
Morgan, Ancelma R.
Williams, Mariama 2001I Gender, Trade and WTO in the Caribbean: A Preliminary Report. August 2001 Trinidad and TobagoO Caribbean Gender and Trade Network, http://www.igtn.org/page/139/1/ (28.4.2007) GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
Country/Latin America-Carribean
GIPE/Field/Women's Movements
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Field/Production
GIPE/Field/Employment This scoping document includes a description of the trade liberalization initiatives in the Caribbean and a brief case study of how a regional network of farmers (WINFRA) were involved in policy debates on trade liberalization, focusing on banana farmers where recent WTO decisions will have enormous effects of female and male farmers. The document notes that heavy reliance on low cost female labour in light manufacture assembly, electronics, data processing and textiles and apparel in Caribbean countries, leads to high level of women's employment in the region. This document is still quite preliminary and needs to be fleshed out. (Status of Women Canada)a? Correira, Maria
Katz, Elizabeth 2001B The Economics of Gender in Mexico: Work, Familiy, State and Market 553-568* Mexico. A Comprehensive Development Agenda7 Guigale, Marcelo M.
Lafourcade, Olivier
Nguyen, Vinh H.
Washington
World BankX GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
Country/Latin America-Carribean ? Craske, Nikki 1998; Remasculanization and the neoliberal state in Latin America 100-120 Gender Politics and the State Waylen, Georgina
Randall, Vicky London RoutledgeV GIPE/Theory/Feminist Economics
GIPE/Methodology/Theory
Country/Latin America-CarribeanX ? Barrientos, Stephanie 1999K Ethical Trade and Gender: Exports of Non-Traditional Horticultural Products 189-196) Trade, Sustainable Development and Gender UNCTAD New York/ Geneva United Nationsm GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Agriculture
GIPE/Field/Production
GIPE/Field/Trade This paper discusses how the use of codes of conduct by TNCs could help reverse the "race
to the bottom" in labor standards that has arisen in the context of economic liberalization and
increased global competition. The discussion focuses on the emerging sector of horticultural and
non-traditional agricultural export production and draws from a case study on the introduction of
codes of conduct by British supermarkets amongst their fruit suppliers in South African
horticulture. It is shown that a small number of supermarkets dominate the market of horticulture
and non-traditional agriculture and that the TNCs have strong control over their supply chains in
developing countries. This control is considered very favorable for the successful implementation
of codes of conduct. The paper especially explores the chance of women workers in the TNC
supply chains to benefit from this form of ethical trade, considering their concentration in the
bottom of these production chains, often in informal, temporary and seasonal work. It is argued that
codes of conduct must be given a gender sensitive design, as the voice of women tends to be lost in
the monitoring and verification of the codes. The strategy of codes of conduct is presented as a
good and relatively efficient alternative to social clauses in trade agreements, in spite of being
based on voluntary initiatives of companies and narrower in scope.
(From Maria Thorin: The gender dimension of economic globalization: an annotated bibliography, United Nations Publications, 2003.)? Espino, Maria Alma 2000B Women and Mercosur: The Gendered Dimension of Economic Integration 16-27( Women's Empowerment and Economic Justice de Pauli, Liliana New York UNIFEMe GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Employment
Country/Latin America-Carribean This paper offers a quite general discussion of the impact of economic integration on women. It highlights some of the modalities of women's integration in the labour force in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, such as the high level of informal employment (especially domestic workers). It also describes briefly the participation of women's group in the regional integration process. However, the paper does not really go beyond advocating an analysis of the impact of regional integration on women that would take in account the diversity of women (age, class, family status, education, urban vs. rural, etc.) (Status of Women Canada) D? Whitehead, Judy 2000) Women and Trade Policies in the Caribbean( Women's Empowerment and Economic Justice New York UNIFEM GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Labour Relations
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
Country/Latin America-Carribean This paper presents the results of three studies commissioned by UNIFEM on the impact of NAFTA on Caribbean women in Jamaica, in Trinidad and Tobago and in St. Lucia and Barbados. The study concludes that the effects of NAFTA will be largely detrimental to the Jamaican economy in general, and women in particular, due to the competition from Mexico in sectors that traditionally employ large numbers of women such as the garment industry. These types of consequences are less likely to occur in Trinidad, Barbados and St. Lucia, because they do not have a large garment manufacturing sector or any other manufacturing sector dominated by female workers. All the studies agreed that while low-wage industries may move to Mexico, the Caribbean's higher standard in education could allow the region to attract more high-technology industries. The author stressed that the researchers suggested the need for greater research on the actual preferences of Caribbean women regarding work outside the home. The paper includes an interesting discussion of methodological challenges and highlights "case specificity", i.e. the importance of examining each national context to understand the impact of trade on women. (Status of Women Canada) X ? Williams, Mariama 2001 Gender and Trade in the International Economy: A Brief Overview, Presented at Seminar on “Financing for Development: New tendencies, new exclusions and new strategies for women in the Region”, July 15-1, 2001 Colombia
REPEM-DAWNT GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Liberalization-Free Trade This brief review of some of the academic and NGO literature on the impact of trade liberalization on women identifies two main trends: 1) trade liberalization can exacerbate gender inequalities and 2) existing inequalities can undermine the effectiveness of trade policy because they may adversely affect the re-allocations critical to the successful implementation of the policy. The paper lacks structure in its argumentation and presentation of the material. (Status of Women Canada)>? ' APEC, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 2001Z Firm Expatriation Policy and Practice in Service Trade: The Gender Dimension. May 14, 2001 APEC GIPE/Methodology/Quantitative
GIPE/Methodology/Interviews
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Employment
Country/Australia-Pacific
Country/Asia This paper presents the results of a survey of 80 multinational companies located in Chinese Taipei and 80 Chinese Taipei multinational companies on the participation of female professionals in intra-company transfers. The survey focused on firms providing services (75% of the sample vs. 25% for manufacturing firms). When asked what factors provide men with an advantage over women as candidates for intra-firm expatriation, the respondents perceived "personal safety concern", "spousal employment" and "personal interests and motivations". Therefore, the report suggests that WTO governments incorporate personal safety measures and adaptation for family members in the package in the package of expatriate adjustment facilitation, as reduction of mobility barriers for this expatriate (which constitute an important portion of mode 4 trade) could help liberalize mode 4.
A critical view of this suggestion would highlight two points. First, the survey is based on the perception of multinational firms of the cross-border mobility barriers for women professionals. A survey of female expatriates or candidates for such positions would be more useful to measure barriers to mobility. Secondly, the report does not discuss whether it is the government or the firm's role to provide adjustment facilitation for the relocated employees. This report is a useful exploratory survey, but could not be the basis for policy decisions at this point. (Text: Bibliography by: Status of Women Canada) ? Huang, Fung-Yea 2000S International Migration and Labour Standards: The Gender Dimensions and APEC's Role% Taiwan Institute of Economic Research GIPE/Field/Migration
GIPE/Methodology/Case Study
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Regional Integration
Country/AsiaQ This report provides a good case study of migrant women workers in APEC nations focusing on Taiwan and China flows. Based on this examination, the paper argues that regional trade organizations such as APEC may have an advantage over the WTO in addressing labour standards in the short and medium terms, because they can build on cooperation on education, training and gender statistics collection. The analytical section where the paper examines how globalization extends household sexual division of labour into international sexual division of labour is a bit weak. (Status of Women Canada) ? Spieldock, Alexandra 2001' GATS and Healthcare: Why Do Women Care? Rio de Janeiro2 International Gender and Trade Network Secretariat GIPE/Field/Civil Society-NGOs
GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/International Organizations
GIPE/Field/Health
GIPE/Field/Privatization-CommodificationX This is a basic economic literacy module for the use of women's organizations and the general public that examines the impact of the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) on health care services. The brief overview is a very critical evaluation on the GATS, focusing on the various threats it can represent for women. Some the issues raised, such as brain drain and the danger of privatization, have been raised in other publications, whereas the issue of the dangers of telehealth and telemedicine for women's health are not well-argued and grounded on evidence. (Status of Women Canada) ? 6 Peratis, Kathleen
Kerr, Joanna
Schneider, Elizabeth M. 1999G Markets and Women's International Human Rights (Roundtable Discussions) 141-160% Brooklyn Journal of International Law 25 1 GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Human Rights
GIPE/Field/Discrimination
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Sex Work This article is the transcript from two roundtable discussions on the impact of globalization on women's human rights held at the Brooklyn Law School, chaired by Kathleen Peratis. Joanna Kerr, a senior researcher at the North-South Institute, examined globalization as an economic growth model and the extent to which this model negatively impacts on women in their home and paid labour duties. Martina Vandenberg, a researcher with Human Rights Watch, discussed how globalization has impacted on women in concrete contexts - employment discrimination on the basis of sex in the Russian Federation and in Mexico, and the trafficking of women and girls into Thailand. Liz Schneider, a professor at Brooklyn Law School, provided a broader historical framework to talk about evaluating successes and future plans. In particular she discussed the challenge that feminist work has posed to the paradigms of international human rights and economic development and issues of the public/private. The three texts look at the issue from very different perspectives but still offer interesting insights, especially the first two that offer more specific examples of their analysis.
(Status of Women Canada)? OECD 2000 Recommendations from the 2nd OECD Conference on Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs: Realizing the Benefits of Globalization and the Knowledge-based Economy Paris OECD@ GIPE/Discipline/Economics
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Trade This conference led to recommendations with respect to measures that need to be taken in four areas: 1) further development of the entrepreneurship culture among women; 2) better access to financing for women-owned businesses; 3) improved knowledge and statistical data on women entrepreneurship; and 4) increased participation of women entrepreneurs in international trade. The latter can be achieved through better information on international markets and the establishment of private-public networks to support the internationalization of women entrepreneurs. Most of these four recommendations are complemented by specific and interesting proposals on how to implement them.
(Status of Women Canada) ? OECD 2000 Increasing Women Entrepreneurs' Participation in International Trade and the Global Economies: Technologies and Partnering, Issues paper prepared for the 2nd OECD Conference on Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs: Realizing the Benefits of Globalization and the Knowledge-based Economy Paris OECDl GIPE/Discipline/International Political Economy
GIPE/Field/Trade
GIPE/Field/Employment
GIPE/Field/Technology& This useful issue paper highlights the particular challenges for the internationalization of women-owned businesses such as the difficulties in obtaining the financing and guarantees for exports because of a lack of collateral. This is a common problem in the types of businesses many women are operating (i.e. services and retail sectors). The paper also briefly discusses the opportunities offered to women entrepreneurs by information and communications technologies (including on-line networking) for international trade. (Status of Women Canada) k? P Leach, Fiona 2006Q Researching Gender Violence in Schools: Methodological and Ethical Considerations 1129-1147 World Development 34 6X GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/METHODOLOGY/CASE STUDY
GIPE/FIELD/SECURITY
COUNTRY/AFRICA This paper examines a number of methodological and ethical issues around research with children, arising from a recent study of the abuse of adolescent girls in schools in three African countries. The research used open-ended interviews and participatory workshops exploring visual representations of school life to uncover incidents of sexual, physical, verbal, and psychological abuse. It found that abuse was perpetrated mainly, but not exclusively, against female pupils by male pupils, teachers, and other adults in the community. The paper examines some methodological issues in doing such research and also some of the ethical dilemmas faced by the researchers when girls revealed sexual abuse by teachers and other adults. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available ? P $ Adela, Garcia-Aracil
Winter, Carolyn 2006\ Gender and ethnicity differentials in school attainment and labor market earnings in Ecuador 289-307 World Development 34 2 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/DISCRIMINATION
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/EDUCATION-HIGHER EDUCATION
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN Indigenous people in Ecuador are most likely to be disadvantaged and live in poverty. This paper reports on the findings of an econometric analysis which explores the extent to which lower educational attainment and labor market discrimination contribute to these disparities. The analysis utilizes a proportional hazard regression model to examine which factors raise the probability of early school departure. It also employs a classic regression model to explore the relationship between low educational attainment and earnings, together with an Oaxaca decomposition which parses out the extent to which earning differentials can be attributed to differences in human capital or to discrimination (World Development). online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available ? P 0 Westermann, Olaf
Ashby, Jacqueline
Pretty, Jules 2005 Gender and Social Capital: The importance of gender differences for the maturity and effectiveness of natural resource management groups 1783-1799 World Development 33 11 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN
COUNTRY/ASIA This paper seeks to contribute to an improved understanding of the gender aspects of social capital manifested in groups for natural resource management (NRM). We investigated how gender differentiated social groups differ in their activities and outcomes for NRM. A total of 46 menﾒs, mixed, and womenﾒs groups were analyzed in 33 rural programs in 20 countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Significant gender differences were found in relation to group maturity and NRM achievements and approaches as well as important differences in experiences of collaboration and capacity to manage conflict. Overall, we found that collaboration, solidarity, and conflict resolution all increase in groups where women are present. In addition, norms of reciprocity are more likely to operate in womenﾒs and mixed groups. Similarly, the capacity for self-sustaining collective action increased with womenﾒs presence and was significantly higher in the womenﾒs groups. The results demonstrate the importance of gender analysis for collective NRM and particularly the role of women for collaboration in and sustainability of NRM groups. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available ? P Scanlan, Stephen 2004x Women, Food Security, and Development in Less-Industrialized Societies: Contributions and Challenges for the New Century 1807-1829 World Development 32 11| GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIEL/SECURITY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA
COUNTRY/ASIA In this paper I examine the links between women, food security and development from a crossnational perspective. I find that the ﾓproximity to gender equalityﾔ constructed from the United Nationsﾒ human development and gender-related development indices improves development in the form of both child hunger and child mortality. Extending these results, other forms of female empowerment including female contraceptive prevalence significantly improve development outcomes in less-industrialized societies. Findings are net of theoretical controls for economic development, population pressure, globalization, democratization, and region, further strengthening the importance of gender considerations. Countries that incorporate gender into policy and program considerations benefit from such inclusion in the form of social and economic development outcomes. Findings are an important crossnational extension of existing research, utilizing new measures that capture the important development dynamic. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 c0 available ? P Johnson, Susan 20046 Gender Norms in Financial Markets: Evidence from Kenya 1355-1374 World Development 32 8m GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/FINANCE-FINANCIAL MARKETS
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA7 The role of institutionsrules and normsin markets is increasingly recognized in development discourse. This paper considers the role of gender relations for rules and norms in financial markets. Using evidence from Central Kenya it develops a framework for establishing the influence of gender on the demand for and access to financial services, so explaining the gender differentiated use of rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs). It, first, analyzes intrahousehold norms related to income and expenditure flows and their management, so identifying gendered patterns of demand. Second, by conceptualizing financial intermediaries as operating within rules and norms, it allows the influence of gender relations on access to financial services to be more systematically investigated. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available ? Abu-Ghaida, Dina
Klasen, Stephan 2004F The Costs of Missing the Milliennium Development Goal on Gender Equity 1075-1107 World Development 37 7} GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/EDUCATION-HIGHER EDUCATION
GIPE/FIELD/HEALTH
GIPE/field/govenances At the Millennium Summit, the world community pledged to promote gender equality and chose as a specific target the achievement of gender equity in primary and secondary education by the year 2005 in every country of the world. Based on the findings from a growing empirical literature that suggests that gender equity in education promotes economic growth, reduced fertility, child mortality, and undernutrition, we estimate what the costs in terms of growth, and forgone fertility, mortality and undernutrition reduction, will be for the 45 countries that are, on current projections, unlikely to meet the target. Our estimates suggest that, by 2005, the countries that are off track are likely to suffer 0.10.3 percentage points lower per capita growth rates as a result, will have 0.10.4 more children per woman, and, by 2015, an average of 15 per 1,000 higher rates of under five mortality, and 2.5 percentage points higher prevalence of underweight children under five. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the results are quite robust to using different specifications and approaches to estimating these losses. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available!? P 7 Dong, Xiao-Yuan
MacPhial, Fiona
Bowles, Paul
Ho, Samuel 2004i Gender Segmentation at Work in China's Privatized Rural Industry: Some Evidence from Shandong and Jiangsu 979-998 World Development 36 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/FIELD/DISCRIMINATION
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/PRIVATIZATION-COMMODIFICATION
COUNTRY/ASIA In this paper we argue that labor segmentation exists along gender lines in the newly privatized Township and Village enterprises in rural China. The results, based upon surveys of workers, enterprise managers, and local officials, indicate that women are segregated into production type jobs in certain industries, have less control over their work, do not receive a return to experience, and are adversely affected by wage discrimination. There is a clear gender bias in favor of men in share holding, a new and important form of workplace benefit that confers wealth and affects control within the workplace and thus, privatization has contributed to gender segmentation. The results support the general argument that the process of economic transition is not gender-neutral. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co availableI? P 7 Barrientos, Stephanie
Dolan, Catherine
Tallontire, Anne 2003K A Gendered Value Chain Approach to Codes of Conduct in African Horticulture 1511-1526 World Development 31 9 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/EU
COUNTRY/AFRICA
COUNTRY/EUROPEo Codes of conduct covering the employment conditions of Southern producers exporting to European markets mushroomed throughout the 1990s, especially in the horticulture sector linking UK and European supermarkets with export firms in Africa. The majority of employment in this sector is 'informal', a significant proportion of which is female. This paper explores the gender sensitivity of codes currently applied in the African export horticulture sector from an analytical perspective that combines global value chain and gendered economy approaches. Through an analysis of these two approaches, it develops a 'gender pyramid', which provides a framework for mapping and assessing the gender content of codes of conduct. The pyramid is applied to codes that cover employment conditions in three commodity groups and countries exporting to European markets: South African fruit, Kenyan flowers and Zambian vegetables and flowers. It concludes that the gender sensitivity of codes needs to be greatly enhanced if they are to adequately address employment conditions relevant to informal and especially women workers. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available? P Cornwall, Andrea 2003P Whose Voices? Whose Choices? Reflections on Gender and Participatory Development 1325-1342 World Development 31 86 GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING Efforts to promote participation in projects, programs and policy consultation would appear to offer the prospect of giving everyone who has a stake a voice and a choice. But community-driven development, participatory planning and other fine-sounding initiatives that make claims of ﾓfull participationﾔ and ﾓempowermentﾔ can turn out to be driven by particular gendered interests, leaving the least powerful without voice or much in the way of choice. Bringing a gender perspective to bear on the practice of participation in development may assist in identifying strategies for amplifying voice and access to decision making of those who tend to be marginalized or excluded by mainstream development initiatives. Yet ﾓgenderﾔlike ﾓparticipationﾔhas multiple meanings. In this article, I explore some of the tensions, contradictions and complementarities between ﾓgender-awareﾔ and ﾓparticipatoryﾔ approaches to development. I suggest that making a difference may come to depend on challenging embedded assumptions about gender and power, and on making new alliances out of old divisions, in order to build more inclusive, transformatory practice. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available ? P # Deere, Carmen-Diana
Leon, Magdalena 2003+ The Gender Asset Gap: Land in Latin America 925-947 World Development 31 6p GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEANY The gender asset gap in Latin America with respect to ownership of land is significant. In few countries do women constitute even one-quarter of the landowners. Gender inequality in land ownership is related to male preference in inheritance, male privilege in marriage, male bias in community and state programs of land distribution as well as gender bias in the land market, with women less likely than men to be successful buyers. But there are also important differences by gender in how land is acquired. Inheritance is the primary means by which most women become landowners; men are much more likely than women to acquire land through its distribution by communities or the state and via the market. Factors contributing toward a trend toward greater gender equity in land inheritance and in recent state programs are highlighted. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available;? P Salvey, Rachel
Elmhirst, Rebecca 2003X Engendering Social Capital: Women Workers and Rural-Urban Networks in Indonesia's Crisis 865-879 World Development 31 5` GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/ASIA Recent approaches to social capital have cautioned against the view that social networks are resources to be called upon in times of crisis. We contribute a feminist perspective to this argument and call attention to the gendered power relations of social capital and social networks. We draw on field studies that examine women migrants´ ruralurban networks in two regions of Indonesia during the 199799 economic crisis period. Our findings direct attention toward the gender-specific limitations of social capital as a resource for development, and identify some ways in which the costs and benefits of social capital are organized by gender. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available ? P + Salway, Sarah
Rahman, Shahana
Jesmin, Sonia 2003E A Profile of Women's Work Participation Among the Urban Poor of Dhaka 881-901 World Development 31 5 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA Drawing on survey data and ethnographic findings, this paper presents a profile of women´s work participation among slum dwellers in Dhaka city. Overall, almost 50% of adult women are engaged in income-generating work outside the home. Life-cycle factors, socioeconomic status and residential location are associated with both level of work participation and type of employment. Women´s contributions to household livelihoods via paid employment are found to be significant and multifaceted. The analysis highlights heterogeneity among poor women´s work experiences and the intense ﾓinformalizationﾔ of most employment options. Implications for policy aimed at improving the conditions of working women are identified. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 29.06.06 co available? P Vargas, Claudia Maria 2002U Women in Sustainable Development: Empowerment through Partnerships for Healthy Living 1539-1560 World Development 30 9 GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/HEALTH
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/CIVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN) This article seeks to take partnerships seriously. Specifically, it is concerned with the nature, opportunities, and challenges facing women's nongovernmental organization (NGOs), which seek to make real contributions to sustainable development. It uses a case study of COFERENE, a successful women's NGO in Costa Rica, to explore the nature of partnerships, the contextual factors that shape them, the successes that can be realized from their wise use, and the potential problems that may arise. There are lessons, both optimistic and cautionary, to be learned from COFERENE'S experiences. This article analyzes these lessons. In synthesis, partnerships are complex and demanding, though there are cases in which women's NGOs have used them effectively to foster sustainable development. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Raynolds, Laura 2002l Wages for Wives: Renegotiating Gender and Production Relations in Contract Farming in the Dominican Republic 783-798 World Development 30 5 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN This study analyzes the intersection of gender and production relations in small-scale contracting in nontraditional agriculture. The case of the processing tomato industry in the Dominican Republic exemplifies patterns found throughout the region. Building on a critique of unitary household models, I analyze the gendered relations mobilizing resources for contract farming. As appears common, contracting has heightened demand for women's farm labor. Contracting has simultaneously provided women with openings for contesting the appropriation of their unpaid labor and many women are claiming payment for work in contract farming. This case demonstrates the importance of gender issues in informing contract farming debates and policy interventions. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available Q? P Parrado, Emilio 2002t Socioeconomic Context, Family Regimes, and Women's Early Labor Market Experience: The Case of Colombia and Venezuela 799-816 World Development 30 5m GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN This paper compares the early labor market experience of mature and young cohorts of women in Bogotá and Caracas. The cross-country, cross-cohort comparisons demonstrate the importance of both rising women's human capital and family regimes to women's labor market behavior. While divorce was a central stimulus of women's work in both contexts, the more stable, patriarchal family regime in Bogotá more strongly conflicted with employment than the matrifocal and flexible pattern in Caracas. Results also show important changes in the dynamics of female employment, as younger cohorts exhibit more intermittent and unstable employment patterns. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableT ? P Miles, Rebecca 2002J Employment and Unemployment in Jordan: The Importance of the Gender System 413-427 World Development 30 3 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
COUNTRY/MIDDLE-FAR-EAST Using data from focus group interviews, this study investigates how the gender system influences employment and unemployment patterns in Jordan. Cultural and family-level factors affect not only whether women are in the labor market but also their success in finding a job. Cultural proscriptions on female mobility are a significant constraint in women's job searches. State and employer-level factors are also important in explaining high unemployment rates among women. The shrinking of the public sector disproportionately affects women, the location of jobs matters more for women than for men, and discrimination in the private sector remains. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available? P Jackson, Cecile 2002 Disciplining Gender? 497-509 World Development 30 3r GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
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GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING Taken as a whole, research on gender issues in development, whether directly oriented to policy questions or to broader understandings of social change in developing countries, has been marked by a broad and deep disciplinary, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary character which has been central to its success. Development agencies research strategies, however, particularly multilaterals, remain dominated by economics, which therefore constrains the extent to which other disciplines are able to contribute to development knowledge and policy evolution. The purpose of this paper is to argue that interdisciplinarity and multidisciplinarity must be sustained in researching gender and development, and that sociology, anthropology and politics are of increasing significance because of changing priorities in development. I argue that these disciplines have particular conceptual and methodological strengths, very briefly indicated, for researching gender and development, and that there is a need to resource these fields equally through capacity building in developing countries and renewed efforts to increase numbers of women researchers. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availablex ? P Doss, Cheryl 2001Z Designing Agricultural Technology for African Farmers: Lessons from 25 Years of Experience 2075-2092 World Development 29 12i GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
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GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIEL/TECHNOLOGY
COUNTRY/AFRICA African women farmers are less likely than men to adopt improved crop varieties and management systems. This paper addresses two issues: How does gender affect technology adoption among African farmers? How does the introduction of new technologies affect women's well-being? Three conclusions come out of an extensive and critical review of the literature. First, African households are complex and heterogeneous. Second, gender roles within African households and communities cannot be simply summarized. Third, gender roles and responsibilities are dynamic; they respond to changing economic circumstances. The paper demonstrates the complexity and importance of efforts to design interventions for African women. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available? c 7 Amin, Ruhul
St. Pierre, Maurice
Ahmed, Ashraf
Haq, Runa 2001 Integration of an Essential Services Package (ESP) in Child and Reproductive Health and Family Planning with a Micro-credit Program for Poor Women: Experience from a Pilot Project in Rural Bangladesh 1611-1621 World Development 29 9h GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER BUDGET
GIPE/FIELD/HEALTH
COUNTRY/ASIA In early 1992, a two-phased pilot project, initially integrating a micro-credit program for poor women with a family planning and expanded program of immunization (EPI) (in the first phase) and subsequently and incrementally with an essential services package (ESP) in reproductive and maternal and child health (in the second phase), was initiated in rural Bangladesh. Data on the project show that there has been a significant increase in contraceptive use and a decline in fertility since the initiation of the first phase of the project. There also has been an increase in the dissemination of information on, and utilization of, ESP medical technologies in the intervention community at large.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? d Bertranou, Fabio M. 2001M Pension Reform and Gender Gaps in Latin America: What are the Policy Options? 911-923 World Development 29 5 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIELD/SOCIAL POLICY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER BUDGET
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN; Several Latin American countries have implemented structural reforms in their social security-pension systems. These reforms have modified the traditional public pay-as-you-go defined benefit (PAYG-DB) schemes, introducing multipillar systems where fully funded defined contribution (FF-DC) schemes play an important role. Gender gaps in coverage and benefits under PAGY-DB and FF-DC schemes have been one of the policy issues missing in most of the reforms, in part because it has been certainly underresearched in the literature. This paper studies the sources of pension gender gaps and provides the pros and cons of a set of policy options that may contribute to overcoming the gaps found in both schemes. These policies are divided on the one hand, into specific policies that directly affect the determination of pension benefits by modifying formula design or eligibility conditions and, on the other hand, policies that indirectly affect the level of benefits and the likelihood of being entitled to them by changing incentives in labor market conditions.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available? P Braunstein, Elissa 2000j Engendering Foreign Direct Investment: Family Structure, Labor Markets and International Capital Mobillity 1157-1190 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIEL/FINANCE-FINANCIAL MARKETS
COUNTRY/ASIA
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN
COUNTRY/MIDDLE-EASTERN-EUROPE In this paper I develop a theoretical foundation for analyzing how gender roles in the household affect foreign direct investment in a developing country context. It is argued that the extent to which women and men share the costs of social reproduction at the household level is a central determinant of womenﾒs labor supply and the profitability of investment. I combine a model of family structure with a structuralist macroeconomic model to investigate the effects of various public policies on womenﾒs wages and employment. A major goal is to specify the constraints imposed by international capital mobility on the prospects for increased equality and living standards for women. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Fontana, Marzia
Wood Adrian 2000: Modeling the Effect of Trade on Women, at Work and at Home 1173-1190 World Development 28 7f GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/SOCIAL POLICY
GIPE/FIELD/TRADE
COUNTRY/ASIA Foreign trade affects womenﾒs wages and jobs, their household work, and their leisure. This paper develops a model which covers not only all the sectors of the market economy, but also social reproduction and leisure activities, for women and men separately. The model, which in other respects is a standard CGE (computable general equilibrium) model, is applied to a simplified set of data for Bangladesh. Its use is illustrated by simulating the gendered effects of changes in trade policies and capital flows. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available? Kcera, David
Milberg, William 2000d Gender Segregation and Gender Bias in Manufacturing Trade Expansion: Revisiting the "Wood Asymmetry" 1191-1210 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIELD/DISCRIMINATION
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIEL/TRADE
COUNTRY/EUROPE
COUNTRY/AUSTRALIA-PACIFIC
COUNTRY/AFRICA
COUNTRY/CANADA-US
not available online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available }? c Seguino, Stephanie 2000? Gender Ineguality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis 1211-1230 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIEL/TRADE
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
COUNTRY/ASIA
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN This paper investigates empirically the determinants of economic growth for a set of semi-industrialized export-oriented economies in which women provide the bulk of labor in the export sector. The primary hypothesis tested is that gender inequality which contributes to womenﾒs relatively lower wages was a stimulus to growth via the effect on exports during 197595. Empirical analysis shows that GDP growth is positively related to gender wage inequality in contrast to recent work which suggests that income inequality slows growth. Evidence also indicates that part of the impact of gender wage inequality on growth is transmitted through its positive effect on investment as a share of GDP.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableR? P $ Ertürk, Korkut
Darity, Jr. Williams 2000f Secular Changes in the Gender Composition of Employment and Growth Dynamics in the North and the South 1231-1238 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/TRADE
GIPE/FIELD/LIBERALIZATION-FREE TRADE
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/NORTH-SOUTHh In a simple theoretical exercise, the paper shows that gender relations matter in the standard analysis of trade liberalization and economic growth. It utilizes a model with the two differential equations, phase diagram technique which enables us to examine the cumulative interaction between economic growth and changes in the female share of employment. The model shows that changes in the gender composition of employment caused by a new global division of labor between the North and the South can thwart the economic benefits customarily associated with trade liberalization in both regions. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available
? c Ozler, Sule 2000G Export Orientation and Female Share of Employment: Evidence from Turkey 1239-1248 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIEL/TRADE
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
COUNTRY/TURKEY_ We investigate the relationship between export orientation and female share of employment in the Turkish manufacturing sector, during 198385, following the onset of export-led industrialization policies. Using plant-level data we find that female share of employment in a plant increases with the export to total output ratio of its sector. The contribution of the study to the literature is its use of plant-level data for a large number of plants, enabling us to control for other determinants of female share of employment, such as workersﾒ skill composition, at the plant level.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available>? P Singh, Ajit
Zammit, Ann 2000= International Capital Flows: Identifying the Gender Dimension 1249-1268 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/FINANCE-FINANCIAL MARKETS
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA
COUNTRY/ASIA
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN
COUNTRY/EUROPEy This paper explores the main issues involved in examining the gender impact of international capital flows to developing countries. It argues that at the macroeconomic level women lose more than men from slow and/or unstable economic growth, financial crises and meltdowns, and even more so the longer and deeper the economic downturn because, without a social security system, the family and women have many additional burdens. Women should formulate an agenda of their own with respect to international monetary reform and some proposals are outlined in this respect, including those involving capital controls. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co
available ? P Floro, Maria
Dymski, Gary 2000< Financial Crisis, Gender, and Power: An Analytical Framework 1269-1283 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/FINANCE-FINANCIAL MARKETS
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/CANADA-US' This paper begins to remedy the neglect of gender aspects of financial crises by exploring a suggestive microfoundational model of unequal gender power and cost-bearing in a borrower household. This model shows that financial-market liberalization can assess womenﾒs access to formal sector employment and encourage the growth of household credit, both for a household enterprise and for the acquisition of labor-saving household assets. The price of these gains, however, is greater household risk because of greater cash-flow dependence and financial fragility. A financial crisis can force the household to bear heavier adjustment costs than would otherwise be felt; and these costs may well be borne disproportionately by women, who become more economically vulnerable as a result. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableP ? P Lim, Joseph Y. 2000\ The Effects of the East Asian Crisis on the Employment of Women and Men: The Philippine Case 1285-1306 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/FINANCE-FINANCIAL MARKETS
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/ASIA This paper analyzes the differential employment impacts on women and men brought about by the East Asian crisis and the preceeding periods of boom-bust cycles and increased openness. It is found that the growth period in the second half of the 1980s favored male employment more than female employment. The economic decline due to the East Asian crisis reversed this process and increased male unemployment more than female unemployment (especially in urban areas), despite a more rapid displacement of women workers from the manufacturing sector. One contributing factor to this is the resilience of the community, social and personal services, and wholesale and trade sector during the crisis. Evidencesuch as increased female labor force participation and longer working hours for women relative to men during the crisispoints to increased female employment and work hours in the labor market as a major coping mechanism during the crisis. The paper therefore argues that the boom-bust cycles in the macroeconomy are not gender neutral and contributes to increasing earnings and labor time disparities between women and men, to the detriment of the women. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Arndt, Channing
Tarp, Finn 2000G Agricultural Technology, Risk, and Gender: A CGE Analysis of Mozambique 1307-1326 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIELD/TECHNOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA] Interactions between agricultural technology improvements, risk-reducing behavior, and gender roles in agricultural production in Mozambique are examined. The analysis employs a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that explicitly incorporates key features of the economy. These include: detailed accounting of marketing margins, home consumption, risk, and gender roles in agricultural production. Our results show that agricultural technology improvements benefit both male and female occupants of rural households. Due to economic interactions, agricultural technology improvements are particularly compelling when combined with marketing system improvements. Moreover, technological change in cassava appears to be a particularly strong lever for increasing female and overall household welfare, especially when risk is considered. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableP ? P ! Warmer, James M.
Walters, Bernard 2000J Supply Response in an Agrarian Economy with Non-Symmetric Gender Relations 1327-1340 World Development 28 7m GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/FINANCE-FINANCIAL MARKETS
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA There is a growing recognition that gender relations matter for supply response to devaluation and other structural adjustment policies in sub-Saharan Africa. But, most household models that introduce gender differentiation nevertheless preserve an essential symmetry between male and female household members, and do not capture elements of subordination or coercion in malefemale relations. This paper seeks to contribute by developing a model based on Stackelberg-type equations, in which the husband occupies the position of ﾓfirstmover,ﾔ reflecting his power to set the parameters for women's choices. The model is contextualized with reference to Tanzania. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available? P Evers, Barbara
Walters, Bernard 2000P Extra-Household Factors and Women Farmers' Supply Response in Sub-Saharan Africa 1341-1345 World Development 28 7k GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIEL/WORLD MARKET
COUNTRY/AFRICA# This note discusses extra-household factors which may constrain the response of women farmers in sub-Saharan Africa to an increase in prices of crops they sell. The discussion focuses on property rights, social norms, transport facilities and the organization of markets. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableJ? c Budlender, Debbie 20005 The Political Economy of Women's Budgets in the South 1365-1378 World Development 28 7_ GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER BUDGET
GIPE/FIEL/CILVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
COUNTRY/AFRICA Soon after the democratic elections of 1994, South Africa embarked on its first women's budget exercise, a collaborative venture between nongovernmental organizations and the South African parliament. Some time later the South African government initiated its own exercise in gender analysis of the budget. The South African initiative has attracted a lot of interest from around the world. In a number of other countries governments and civil society players have embarked on gender analysis exercises, often with strong support from international donors. This paper discusses the ways in which these exercises can assist in addressing gender issues, as well as some of the tensions involved.
(World Development) online Uni Kassel 30.06.06 co available s? P Sen, Gita 2000. Gender Mainstreaming in the Finance Ministries 1379-1390 World Development 28 7 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/FINANCE-FINANCIAL MARKETS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/MACROECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/LIBERALIZATION-FREE TRADE
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/ASIA Ministries of Finance appear largely to have escaped careful scrutiny in attempts to sensitize different divisions of government to gender concerns. This paper shows three possible points of entry to engendering the work of Ministries of Finance: at the level of ongoing macroeconomic management, which includes the annual budget of the government and the fiscal deficit, external and internal debt, and the balance of payments; at the level of structural reformsparticularly deregulation, liberalization, and privatizationwhich are intended to improve efficient resource use and eradicate poverty; and in the specific context of credit liberalization and the provision of micro-credit. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? c Ramamurthy, Priti 2000w The Cotton Commodity Chain, Women, Work and Agency in India and Japan: The Case for Feminist Agro-Food Systems Research 551-578 World Development 28 3M GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/TRADE
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COUNTRY/ASIA This paper centers gender to advance alternative theoretical explanations in agro-food systems research and develops a methodology, feminist commodity chain research. The theory and methodology are put to work in the historical context of cotton in India and Japan to illuminate similitude and disruption when agrarian economies articulate with the global forces of colonialism. I then present a case study of contemporary south India to argue that a respect for history, differentiating between forms of transgressionary and feminist agency, and listening to women's theories, speak to the current disjuncture by acknowledging ﾓwinners,ﾔ ﾓlosers,ﾔ and new possibilities for women and workers.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? d Y Levin, Carol E.
Ruel, Marie T.
Morris, Saul S.
Maxwell, Daniel G.
Armar-Klemesu, Margaret 2000N Working Women in an Urban Setting: Traders, Vendors and Food Security in Accra 1977-1991 World Development 27 11k GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIELD/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
COUNTRY/AFRICA Data collected from a 1997 household survey carried out in Accra, Ghana are used to look at the crucial role that women play as income earners and securing access to food in urban areas. One-third of the households surveyed are headed by women. For all households, women's labor force participation is high with 75% of all households having at least one working woman. The high number of female-headed households and the large percentage of working women in the sample provide a good backdrop for looking at how women earn and spend income differently than men in an urban area. Livelihood strategies for both men and women are predominantly labor based and dependent on social networks. For all households in the sample, food is still the single most important item in the total budget. Yet, important and striking differences between men's and women's livelihoods and expenditure patterns exist. Compared to men, women are less likely to be employed as wage earners, and more likely to work as street food vendors or petty traders. Women earn lower incomes, but tend to allocate more of their budget to basic goods for themselves and their children, while men spend more on entertainment for themselves only. Despite lower incomes and additional demands on their time as housewives and mothers, female-headed households, petty traders and street food vendors have the largest percentage of food-secure households. Women may be achieving household food security, but at what cost? This paper explores differences in income, expenditure and consumption patterns in an effort to answer this question, and suggests ways that urban planners and policy makers can address special concerns to working women in urban areas.
(World Development) 30.06.06 co availables? P Pal, Sarmistha 1999s An Analysis of Childhood Malnutrition in Rural India: Role of Gender, Income and Other Household Characterististics 1151-1171 World Development 27 7j GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIELD/HEALTH
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/ASIA There are controversies regarding the role of individual and household characteristics in childhood nutritional status measured by anthropometric indicators. Using a nutrition index based on weight-for-age of children in rural India, the paper re-examines this issue. Ordered probit estimates of nutritional status suggest female literacy improves the nutritional status of boys at the cost of girls while higher per capita current income improves that of both boys and girls, though the impact is higher for boys; however, effect of income is not robust when we use instruments of longer-run income. But more income and literacy give more ways to discriminate between boys and girls. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? d Mehra, Rekha
Gammage, Sarah 19995 Trends, Countertrends, and Gaps in Women's Employment 533-550 World Development 27 3 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIEL/TECHNOLOGY
GIPE/FIEL/TRADE
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS The factors driving global integration, namely, trade expansion, technological change, and the internationalization of production have altered production patterns and changed the composition of output in both developed and developing countries. As global patterns and modes of production have changed there has been a general shift away from agriculture toward industry and services. Along with these output changes have come significant changes in regional and national employment. In developing and developed countries, these changes span divergent trends. On the one hand, there is the increased availability of more and better quality employment as workers shift out of agriculture and subsistence production and into waged employment in the expanding manufacturing and service sectors. On the other hand, there have been sectors where the trend has been away from formalization toward the informalization and semi-formalization of production activities and employment practices. Women have generally benefited from improvements in the world economy. This article demonstrates, however, that patterns of employment and income generation among women often diverge, however, from global trends in important ways that suggest that the forces shaping global integration effect women differently. The article frames a policy discussion that the International Center for Research on Women led to debate the implications of recent trends in women's employment in the developing and developed world. The six articles in this section represent this discussion. They span a range of empirical and theoretical inquiry, exploring global employment trends and highlighting changes in women's participation in formal and informal economic activities.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available? P Tzannatos, Zafiris 1999o Women and Labor Market Changes in the Global Economy: Growth Helps, Inequalities Hurt and Public Policy Matters 551-569 World Development 27 3 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIEL/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT The paper examines the level and changes in female and male participation rates, employment segregation and female relative to male wages across the world economy. It finds sufficient evidence to support the view that labor markets in developing countries are transformed relatively quickly in the sense that gender differentials in employment and pay are narrowing much faster than they did in industrialized countries. The paper evaluates the inefficiencies arising from persisting gender differentials in the labor market and finds them to be potentially significant. The estimates also indicate that the resulting deadweight losses are borne primarily by women while men gain mainly in relative terms there are no real winners from discrimination. The paper concludes that growth benefits women at large, inequalities can have significantly adverse effects on welfare, and market-based development alone can be a weak instrument for reducing inequality between the sexes. To break the vicious circle of women's low initial human capital endowments and inferior labor market outcomes compared to men's, the paper proposes greater access of girls to education and of women to training, enforceable equal pay and equal employment opportunities legislation, a taxation and benefits structure that treats reproduction as an economic activity and women as equal partners within households, and a better accounting of women's work to include invisible production. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available 8 ? P
Horton, Susan 1999P Marginalization Revisited: Women's Market Work and Pay, and Economic Development 571-582 World Development 27 3q GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRY/ASIA A substantial literature argues that women have been left out of economic development, but evidence from labor force surveys in middle-income developing countries suggests otherwise. Women's participation rates in the market labor force have been increasing, women have shifted into white-collar occupations, and certain previously male-dominated occupations have become female-dominated (clerical work in Asia, for example). Women's relative pay has risen somewhat faster in Asia and Latin America than occurred during industrialization in the United States. Although inequalities remain, there is no evidence that women on average are being marginalized. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availabley?
Shaffer, Paul 1998E Gender, Poverty and Deprivation: Evidence from the Republic of Guinea 2119-2135 World Development 26 12b GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA The article examines the relationship between gender and consumption poverty and between gender and deprivation in the Republic of Guinea. National household survey data reveal that women are not more likely than men to be consumption poor or to suffer greater consumption poverty. Participatory Poverty Assessment data from the village of Kamatiguia reveal that women are ﾓworse offﾔ than men when deprivation includes, inter alia, excessive work load and reduced decision-making authority. When consumption poverty poorly correlates with other dimensions of deprivation, it should not be the sole guide for equity-based policy intervention. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableN? P " Songsore, Jacob
McGranahan, Gordon 1998 The Political Economy of Household Environmental Management: Gender, Environment and Epidemiology in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area 395-412 World Development 26 3U GIPE/DISCIPLINE/INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
GIPE/FIELD/ENVIRONMENT
COUNTRY/AFRICA In many low-income cities, environmental problems in and around the home impose an enormous burden, particularly on women, children and the elderly. Practical strategies are needed to assist women in diminishing or transcending the environmental hazards associated with their traditional roles. This paper examines the gender dimension of local environmental management in Accra, relating this in turn to household wealth and the environmental hazards children face. It provides a qualitative account of the gender division of labor in and around the home and a quantitative analysis of some of the environmental risks that women and children are exposed to, and their possible health effects. The results also help explain why women have reason to be skeptical of government-led improvement efforts, particularly in those areas where they ought to benefit most from better conditions. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? V Molinas, Jose R. 1998c The impact of Inequality, Gender, External Assistance and Social Capital on Local-Level Cooperation 413-431 World Development 26 3Y GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEANc Drawing upon recent theoretical advances in the analysis of cooperation, this paper presents an econometric analysis of the determinants of successful collective action based on a survey of 104 peasant cooperative institutions in Paraguay. The most important results of this analysis are:
(a) the level of cooperation is not monotonically related to either the degree of inequality of endowments within the community or the level of external assistance; rather, it is of an inverted U-shape form;
(b) cooperation increases as the level of women's participation and social capital increases.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available V? c Hirschmann, David 1998: Civil Society in South Africa: Learning from Gender Themes 227-238 World Development 26 2f GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/CIVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA The article relies on gender concepts and women's perspectives to inform and challenge established understandings of civil society. Based on interviews with women in South Africa, it reaffirms the interconnectedness of the public and private domains and of women's strategic and practical interests. It also demonstrates women's distinct contribution to civil society and the relevance of violence to an evaluation of civil society. The findings also suggest how a gendered approach may contribute to assessments of civil society in ways that go beyond gender concerns; for example, narrow state focused definitions of civil society exclude not only women's but most non-elite associational life.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ?
Agarwal, Bina 1997G Editorial: Re-sounding the Alert Gender, Resources and Community Action 1373-1380 World Development 25 93 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
not available online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? c Lind, Amy 1997V Gender, Development and Urban Social Change: Women's Community Action in Global Cities 1205-1223 World Development 25 8 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/CILVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRY/CANADA-US
COUNTRY/EUROPE; This article addresses the gender dimensions of women's community action in global cities. It focuses on two types of women's organizations (food provision and anti-violence) and draws out their implications for community and national development frameworks in the context of economic restructuring and urban poverty. The article undertakes three tasks: First, it rethinks frameworks of development and urban social change from a gender perspective. Second, it analyzes the ways in which local women's organizations have acted proactively--rather than merely reactively--to processes of urban restructuring. Third, it proposes an approach in which women's informal political and economic participation is better accounted for in national development frameworks and related community development initiatives.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? H Meinzen-Dirk, Ruth
Brown, Lynn R.
Feldstein, Hilary
Quisumbing, Agnes R. 1997$ Gender and Property Rights: Overview 1299-1302 World Development 25 8 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
not available online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available v? c H Meinzen-Dirk, Ruth
Brown, Lynn R.
Feldstein, Hilary
Quisumbing, Agnes R. 1997. Gender, Property Rights, and Natural Resources 1303-1315 World Development 25 8G GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIELD/ENVIRONMENT Attention to gender differences in property rights can improve the outcomes of natural resource management policies and projects in terms of efficiency, environmental sustainability, equity, and empowerment of resource users. Although it is impossible to generalize across cultures and resources, it is important to identify the nature of rights to land, trees, and water held by women and men, and how they are acquired and transmitted from one user to another. The paper particularly examines how the shift from customary tenure systems to private property--in land, trees, and water--has affected women, the effect of gender differences in property on collective action, and the implications for project design.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Lastarria-Cornhiel, Susana 1997? Impact of Privatization on Gender and Property Rights in Africa 1317-1333 World Development 25 8h GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/PRIVATIZATION-COMMODIFICATION
COUNTRY/AFRICA This paper explores the transformation of customary tenure systems and their impact on women's rights to land in Africa. Emphasis is placed on the diversity of land rights within customary tenure systems, the different institutions and structures (e.g., inheritance, marriage) that influence rights to land, and the trend toward uniformity and increasing patrilineal control. With privatization, different rights to land have become concentrated in the hands of those persons (such as community leaders, male household heads) who are able to successfully claim their ownership right to land, while other persons (such as poor rural women, ethnic minorities) lose the few rights they had and generally are not able to participate fully in the land market. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? Zwarteveen, M.Z. 1997i Water: From Basic Need to Commodity: A Discussion on Gender and Water Rights in the Context of Irrigation 1335-1349 World Development 25 8o GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIELD/PRODUCTION
GIPE/FIELD/PRIVATIZATION-COMMODIFICATION This paper examines the implications of changing water policies for women's water rights and access to water in irrigation systems. With growing water scarcity and programs to increase the efficiency of water allocation and delivery, the allocation of water rights becomes critical. Although women often have informal means and mechanisms to obtain and secure access to water, in most systems studied there is no recognition of women's specific water needs, especially for production, as opposed to domestic consumption. Current policies to privatize and devolve management of irrigation need to increase responsiveness to specific women's water needs and interests if they are to address efficiency as well as equity concerns.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available K? W Rocheleau, Dianne
Edmunds, David 1997R Women, Men and Trees: Gender, Power and Property in Forest and Agrarian Landscapes 1351-1371 World Development 25 8_ GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA This paper propose a revision of the concept of property commonly associated with land in analyzing the gender dimensions of tree tenure. Unlike two-dimensional maps of land ownership, tree tenure is characterized by nested and overlapping rights, which are products of social and ecological diversity as well as the complex connections between various groups of people and resources. Such complexity implies that approaches to improving equity using concepts of property based on land may be too simplistic. Rather than incorportating both women and trees into existing property frameworks, we argue that a more appropriate approach would begin by recognizing legal and theoretical ways of looking at property that reflect the realities and aspirations of women and men as well as the complexity and diversity of rural landscapes.
Through a selective review of the literature, particularly in Africa, and illustrative case studies based on our fieldwork, we explore the ﾓgenderedﾔ nature of resource use and access with respect to trees and forests, and examine distinct strategies to address gender inequalities therein. A review of the theoretical and historical background of land tenure illustrates the limitations of ﾓtwo-dimensionalﾔ maps associated with land tenure in delineating boundaries of nested bundles of rights and management of trees and forests by different actors. The introduction of gender adds another dimension to the analysis of the multidimensional niches in the rural landscape defined by space, time, specific plants, products, and uses. Gender is a complicating factor due to the unequal power relationships between men and women in most societies. These power relationships, however, are subject to change. Rather than adopting an artificial dichotomy between ﾓhavesﾔ and ﾓhave notsﾔ (usually linked with men and women, respectively, in discussions of land tenure), we argue that gendered domains in tree tenure may be both complementary and negotiable. If resource tenure regimes are negotiable, they can be affected by changes in power relations between men and women. This idea has important policy implications. In many discussions of tenure, rights are often assumed to be exogenous or externally determined. The negotiability of tenure rights gives policy makers and communities another lever with which to promote a more equitable distribution of rights to the management and use of natural resources. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Razavi, Shahra 1997, Fitting Gender into Development Institutions 1111-1125 World Development 25 7g GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/CILVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
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GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT This paper analyzes some of the more prominent strands of gender and development (GAD) discourse that have justified the need for policy attention to women on efficiency and poverty grounds. The analysis is set within the context of organizational politics, as well as the changing national and international policy environment of the past decade which has hastened the need for gender lobbies to forge strategic alliances with like-minded social forces. While admitting the analytical and methodological weaknesses that very often characterize the gender policy discourses, the paper draws attention to the political imperatives and institutional constraints within which these arguments have taken shape. A clearer recognition of these constraints and the fact that gender discourses are context-specific raises questions about the allegations of instrumentalism that are often levelled against them by institutional outsiders. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P
Agarwal, Bina 1997n Gender, Environment, and Poverty Interlinks: Regional Variations and Temporal Shifts in Rural India, 1971-1991 23-52 World Development 25 1T GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
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COUNTRY/ASIAE This paper analyzes the interrelationships between gender, poverty and the environment in rural India, focusing especially on regional variations and temporal shifts over 1971-91. Briefly identifying the major factors underlying environmental degradation, it traces why and how this degradation, and the appropriation of natural resources by the state (statization) and by some individuals (privatization), tend to have particularly adverse implications for the female members of poor rural households. Regional and temporal variations in the likely intensity of these effects are traced both by examining individual indicators and through the specification of a set of aggregative indices, termed here as the GEP(V) indices. These indices measure differences between states in their gender-environment-poverty vulnerability (or what could be termed the ﾓGEP-gapﾔ) at a point in time, and over time. Governmental and community-initiated attempts at environmental protection and regeneration are also examined, and the importance of gender-directed policies highlighted. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available? P Appleton, Simon 1996U Women-Headed Households and Household Welfare: An Empirical Deconstruction for Uganda 1811-1827 World Development 24 12U GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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COUNTRY/AFRICA Analysis of the first nationally representative household survey of Uganda shows that women-headed households are not poorer when assessed by consumption or income. Nor do they appear consistently disadvantaged on social indicators. Some subgroups of women-headed households do have lower economic welfare, including those headed by widows and those in urban areas. Gender inequalities in educational attainment appears to be the major source of what economic disadvantage such women-headed households do face. High remittances receipts play a key role in maintaining economic parity between women and men-headed households. (World Developments) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available Q? P Quisumbing, Agnes R. 1996b Male-Female Differences in Agricultural Productivity: Methodological Issues and Empirical Evidence 1579-1595 World Development 24 10F GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIELD/PRODUCTION Most estimates of male-female differences in technical efficiency from production function studies show that male and female farmers are equally efficient farm managers, controlling for levels of inputs and human capital. There is some evidence, however, of allocative inefficiency within households. Marginal products of labor depend on the relative scarcities of labor and the gender division of labor in specific farming systems. Many of these studies, however, are methodologically flawed. Greater attention needs to be given to appropriate estimation methods, endogenous input choice, the use of headship as a stratifying variable, and the implications of intrahousehold resource allocation. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableC? P ( Snyder, Monteze
Berry, Fran
Mavima, Paul 1996I Gender Policy in Development Assistance: Improving Implementation Results 1481-1496 World Development 24 9P GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
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GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING Women and gender issues have received visibility in international development projects since the 1970s, yet data from a USAID study of 532 evaluation reports indicate they have not been very successful in reaching women. The involvement of women as designers, beneficiaries, and implementors is all low. This article outlines a framework for improving the performance of gender-inclusive policies in developing countries. The framework includes: (a) client and stakeholder participation in the design and implementation of policies and programs; (b) strong leadership to act as a voice for the interests of women; (c) clear statements of the strategic goals to be pursued; (d) appropriate choice of implementing agency; (e) improved organizational capacity, particularly mobilization of stakeholders; (f) streamlined relations between donors and recipients; and (g) performance indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of programs. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? Sen, Gita 1996B Gender, Markets and States: A Selective Review and Research Agenda 821-829 World Development 24 5^ GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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COUNTRY/ASIA This paper attempts to define a research agenda that will explore the relationships among gender, markets and states, taking account of the recent and continuing processes of market liberalization, regionalization, and transformation of the relations between states and societies. It argues that, in order to understand what market liberalization or the formation of regional economic blocs might mean for women, one needs to look beyond market activity per se to nonmarket activity and to women's well-being more generally. It selectively reviews some of the literature on structural adjustment and regional trading blocs in order to clarify underlying concepts, and point to new directions for empirical research. In the penultimate section it raises a set of policy and research questions on the role that women's non-governmental organizations can play in shaping the emerging relationships between governments and the private sector. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Tam, Tony 1996a Reducing the Gender Gap in an Asian Economy: How Important is Women's increasing Work Experience? 831-844 World Development 24 5s GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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COUNTRY/ASIA+ This paper draws upon the 1991 Taiwan Social Change Survey to study the extent to which the gender income gap in Taiwan is due to the gender difference in work experience. To avoid important confounding influences, the analysis also incorporates major alternative hypotheses for this gender income gap. The central findings are: (a) Contrary to theoretical expectations, the gender gap in Taiwan is not mainly due to gender differences in labor force experience. Nor is it likely due to gender differences in schooling, selectivity bias, or even statistical discrimination that is a major explanation of the gender wage gap in the United States. (b) A large part of the gender gap appears to have resulted from gender differences in family role constraints. As a result, women's progress in labor force participation and work experience is unlikely to translate into any sharp reduction in the gender income gap. Large reductions in the gender gap in Taiwan apparently require a more equal sharing of family responsibilities by both men and women. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P 0 Hashemi, Syed M.
Schuler, Sidney Ruth
Riley, Ann 1996; Rural Credit Programs and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh 635-653 World Development 24 4b GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/FINANCE-FINANCIAL MARKETS
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COUNTRY/ASIAD This paper presents findings from a study of Grameen Bank and the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), two programs that provide credit to poor rural women in Bangladesh. The programs were found to have significant effects on eight different dimensions of women's empowerment. The authors use a combination of sample survey and case study data to argue that the success of Grameen Bank, is particular, in empowering women is due both to its strong, central focus on credit, and its skillful use of rules and rituals to make the loan program function. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? c ! Goetz, Anne-Marie
Gupta, Rina Sen 1996e Who Takes the Credit? Gender, Power, and Control Over Loan Use in Rural Credit Programs in Bangladesh 45-63 World Development 24 1 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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COUNTRY/ASIA Special credit institutions in Bangladesh have dramatically increased the credit available to poor rural women since the mid-1980s. Though this is intended to contribute to women's empowerment, few evaluations of loan use investigate whether women actually control this credit. Most often, women's continued high demand for loans and their manifestly high propensity to repay is taken as a proxy indicator for control and empowerment. This paper challenges this assumption by exploring variations in the degree to which women borrowers control their loans directly; reporting on recent research which finds a significant proportion of women's loans to be controlled by male relatives. The paper finds that a preoccupation with ﾓcredit performanceﾔ -- measured primarily in terms of high repayment rates -- affects the incentives of fieldworkers dispensing and recovering credit, in ways which may outweigh concerns to ensure that women develop meaningful control over their investment activities.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Rogers, Beatrice Lorge 1995D Alternative Definitions of Female Headship in the Dominican Republic 2033-2039 World Development 23 12L GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
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COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN Different definitions of female household headship have different implications for the economic status and welfare of members of female headed households (FHH). Using data from the Dominican Republic, this study compares four definitions of FHH: self-definition; no adult males (18-60) present; female earns over 50% of earned or of total income. The definitions are associated, but each defines a different group. Half of self-defined FHH contain adult males; half of those in which the woman is the major earner are self-defined FHH. In the Dominican Republic, female headship by any definition is not associated with lower income per capita, but sources of income are quite different: FHH are more dependent on transfers and gifts than wages; FHH defined by earnings are of higher income on average. Demographic composition of FHH is significantly different from male headed households MHH. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableJ? P Elson, Diane 19952 Gender Awareness in Modeling Structural Adjustment 1851-1868 World Development 23 11A GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING The macroeconomic models underpinning the design of structural adjustment programs are gender-blind. This paper discusses strategies for introducing gender analysis into these models and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the models from a gender perspective. It concludes that besides being blind to gender, the models are also blind to the waste of resources and impoverishment that stems from deficient aggregate demand, undemocratic decision making and directly unproductive expenditures that buttress male power. This waste is, however, likely to be diminished by moves to more egalitarian systems of gender relations, entailing changes in the structure of entitlements and the social matrix in which macroeconomic processes are embedded. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available
? c Walters, Bernard 1995> Engendering Macroeconomics: A Reconsideration of Growth Theory 1869-1880 World Development 23 11X GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/MACROECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING Macroeconomics is gender-biased because of its neglect of the reproductive sector. This neglect is formalized in the assumptions, supporting most macroeconomic models, that population and the mapping from population to the labor force are determined exogenously. The use of these assumptions is demonstrated for the case of the aggregate growth models which have evolved from Harrod's original contribution. In addition, the development growth literature is shown to harbor a similar neglect. Some suggestions are made as to how these assumptions might be relaxed and some elements of a consequent theory and data project outlined.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availablew? Çağatay, Nilüfer
Özler, Sule 1995_ Feminization of the Labor Force: The Effects of Long-Term Development and Structural Adjustment 1883-1894 World Development 23 11 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING8 Using crosscountry data pooled for 1985 and 1990, we analyze the relationship between women's share of the labor force and the processes of long-term economic development, and macroeconomic changes associated with structural adjustment. We find that the relationship between long-term development and women's share of the labor force is U-shaped. Controlling for the feminization U, we also find that structural adjustment policies have led to an increase in feminization of the labor force via worsening income distribution and increased openness.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Howes, Candache
Singh, Ajit 1995; Long-Term Trends in the World Economy: The Gender Dimension 1895-1911 World Development 23 11 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
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GIPE/FIELD/NORTH-SOUTH RELATIONS
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN This paper considers the implications of long-term trends in the international economy for the relative employment and income of men and women in developed and developing countries. We find that, given a persistent gender division of labor, mass unemployment in the North is due to different forces operating on men and women. The rate of growth of men's jobs has fallen because of deindustrialization, but men have not withdrawn from the labor force at a comparable rate. Women have been entering the labor force in feminized jobs at a faster rate than they have been created. In the South, women have largely taken traditionally feminized jobs in the labor-intensive, export-oriented growing manufacturing sectors; in Latin America, entry has been largely in the service sector. Men have been losing jobs in agriculture and domestic manufacturing. The paper proposes that the optimal solution to the mass unemployment problem in the North, as well as in the South, and the apparent competition for jobs between the North and the South and between men and women lies in achieving a trend increase in the growth rate of OECD and world aggregate demand and output. But such a trend rise in the long-term rate of growth of demand would only be possible if there were new cooperative institutional arrangements within and between countries. In such arrangements women need to have an important, independent role. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? d Floro, Maria Sagrario 19959 Economic Restructuring, Gender and the Allocation of Time 1913-1929 World Development 23 11e GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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GIPE/FIEL/WORLD MARKET A significant aspect of economic life takes place in an area of production largely ignored in standard macroeconomic analysis, namely, the household production of nonmarketed goods and services. These household-produced goods and services are vital for social reproduction and human development. Moreover, there is a dynamic interaction between their production and that of the market economy as household members, especially women, must allocate their time between the two sets of economic activities. Section 2 provides some stylized facts about the nature and scope of nonmarket activities taking place within the household unit and how they relate to the market economy. Methodological issues concerning the measurement of the production of nonmarketed goods and services and of time-use patterns are discussed in section 3. Sections 4 and 5 examine the empirical evidence regarding the intensity of time devoted to nonmarket and market work by women, and the resulting consequences on their well-being as well as on the development of children. There are long-term serious economic and welfare consequences of these responses that make such a topic an urgent one for both academics and policy makers alike. A summary of the major points raised concludes the paper.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P
Rose, Pauline 1995M Female Education and Adjustment Programs: A Crosscountry Statistical Analysis 1931-1945 World Development 23 11Y GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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GIPE/FIELD/EDUCATION-HIGHER EDUCATION In countries that have undertaken World Bank-supported adjustment programs, a slow-down in the increase in average female combined first- and second-level gross school enrollment rates is observed between the preadjustment and adjustment phase. Furthermore, there has been an absolute decline in female enrollment rates in a number of adjusting countries over this period. The gap between male and female enrollment rates has narrowed on average for both the group of countries that have undertaken adjustment programs and for their control group that have not. For the adjusting group of countries, however, the closing of the gender gap is due to the average male enrollment rate falling toward the lower average female enrollment rate, whereas for the nonadjusting group of countries the gap has narrowed due to an increase in the averages of both male and female enrollment rates. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available>? P
Taylor, Lance 19952 Environment and Gender Feedbacks in Macroeconomics 1953-1961 World Development 23 11O GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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GIPE/FIELD/ENVIRONMENT Potential interactions between the macroeconomic and environmental and/or gender (EG) systems are traced out, drawing on insights from the other papers in this special issue and the EG literature more generally. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available v?
# Ertürk, Korkut
Çağatay, Nilüfer 1995s Macroeconomic Consequences of Cyclical and Secular Changes in Feminization: An Experiment at Gendered Macromodeling 1969-1977 World Development 23 117 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES This paper analyzes the macroeconomic implications of cyclical and secular movements in the feminization of the labor force and changes in the intensity of female household labor. We assume that a rise in the feminization of the labor force stimulates investment while a rise in the intensity of female household labor raises savings. We examine the interaction of these two effects in the context of a dynamic Keynesian growth cycle model and assess the likelihood of a structurally adjusting economy experiencing a recovery through feminization. Our analysis shows that for a gender-based recovery to succeed, the impact of feminization of the labor force on investment must be stronger than the impact a rising intensity of female household labor has on savings. Our analysis shows that high and high middle-income countries are more likely to benefit from feminization processes. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Palmer, Ingrid 1995( Public Finance from a Gender Perspective 1981-1986 World Development 23 11 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/MACROECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
GIPE/FIEL/FINANCE-FINANCIAL MARKETS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/LABOR STUDIES
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING Conventional macroeconomic policy design has ignored the way in which gender relations result in distortions caused by biased and absent markets. Cutbacks in public expenditure have tended to worsen these distortions and crowd-out women's contributions to economic growth. A new approach to macro policy, however, is emerging in some international organizations which stresses the complementarity of public investment and private production. This opens the way for examining taxation and expenditure through a gender lens to reveal how spreading the burden of the ﾓreproduction taxﾔ can promote the development of well-functioning labor markets and contribute to equitable and sustainable growth. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableH ? c Elson, Diane
MacGee, Rosemary 1995^ Gender Equality, Bilateral Program Assistance and Structural Adjustment: Policy and Procedures 1987-1994 World Development 23 11P GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING This paper reports the findings and recommendations of an investigation into the integration of ﾓWomen in Developmentﾔ (WID) issues in bilateral donors' policy-related program assistance. Most donors have made little progress in bringing gender analysis into this area of assistance, but attempts are being made by a few. The approaches of two such donors, DGIS (Netherlands) and USAID, are discussed in some detail. The widespread introduction of gender conditionality is rejected, and instead emphasis is placed on the integration of gender analysis into the diagnosis of a country's economic problems, and the policy processes of economic reform.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableL ?
P
Pearson, Ruth 1995\ Bringing it All Back Home: Integrating Training for Gender Specialists and Economic Planners 1995-1999 World Development 23 11X GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING This paper reflects on the absence of macroeconomic training for gender specialists and the corresponding absence of knowledge of gender analysis on the part of economists responsible for macroeconomic planning. The paper reports on a recent training course held in the Caribbean and designed to integrate gender analysis and macroeconomics for both groups of professionals and notes further initiatives being taken on this issue. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableu? DAWN 1995f Rethinking Social Development: DAWN'S Vision: Development Alternatives with Women for a new Era (DAWN) 2001-2004 World Development 23 110 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT This article is a condensed version of a longer paper, Challenging the Given: DAWN's Perspectives on Social Development, prepared by Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN) for the World Summit on Social Development that took place in Copenhagen in March, 1994. The full document was prepared through a collective effort. An important aspect of DAWN's analysis emerges from a participatory process involving researchers and activists from the South. Marcia Rivera, from CLACSO, coordinated the process and did final revision and editing. The following persons were involved in the discussions which led to the preparation of the document: Fatma Alloo, Tanzania; Peggy Antrobus, General DAWN Coordinator, Barbados; Eudine Barriteau Foster, Barbados; Silvia Camurca, Brazil; Solita Colias-Monsod, Phillipines; Alice Colon, Puerto Rico; Sonia de Souza, Brazil; Hameeda Hossain, Bangladesh; Devaki Jain, India; Alicia Mondesire, Trinidad-Tobago; Sonja T. Harris, Jamaica; Yma Gordon, Trinidad-Tobago; Villoo Nowrojee, Kenya; Siti Oemijati Djajenegara, Indonesia; Gaietry Pargass, Trinidad-Tobago; Claire Slatter, Fiji; Viviene Taylor, South Africa.
(World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableA? P Macdonald, Martha 1995H Economic Restructuring and Gender in Canada: Feminist Policy Initiatives 2005-2017 World Development 23 11l GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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COUNTRY/CANADA-US This paper examines Canadian policy responses to economic and political restructuring over the past decade and the attempts by feminist groups to influence this agenda. It considers the success of these attempts to have gender issues taken up in the macro policy environment and relates feminist policy positions to theoretical themes emerging from the feminist economic literature on macroeconomics and adjustment. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co availableK? P ' Ezumah, Nkoli N.
Di Domenico, Catherine 1995U Enhancing the Role of Women in Crop Production: A Case Study of Igbo Women in Nigeria 1731-1744 World Development 23 10 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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COUNTRY/AFRICA Available reports indicate a shift in conventional gender roles in agricultural labor among the Igbo of Nigeria. This study shows that the participation of Igbo men in nonfarm activities and waged employment has resulted in an increased workload for women in food crop production as well as a breakdown of the gender division of labor in agriculture. Igbo women now undertake some of the conventional male agricultural tasks in addition to those in the female domain. In spite of this, women experience greater constraints in access to production resources. These issues should be addressed by appropriate policy measures. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available o? P Hirschmann, David 1995C Democracy, Gender and US Foreign Assistance: Guidelines and Lessons 1291-1302 World Development 23 8 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
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COUNTRY/CANADA-US This article takes the form of a case study, based on the experience of preparing a practical guide on gender and democracy for the United States Agency for International Development. It documents the organizational context at the time of preparation and the nature of the document thought to be most appropriate to that context: the sources of relevant ideas including literature on women and the state and women and the law; some key preliminary questions such as a justification for attention to gender in democracy and issues of local culture and religion; an illustration of how the material was dealt with; and a concluding section on lessons, comparisons and focus areas for future attention. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available q? P 9 Haddad, Lawrence
Brown, L. R.
Richter, Andrea
Smith, Lisa 1995a The Gender Dimension of Economic Adjustment Policies: Potential Interactions and Evidence to Date 881-896 World Development 23 6i GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING Many developing countries have implemented stabilization and structural adjustment programs over the last 20 years. The success of these programs depends critically on individual-level responses to changing economic incentives. Access to, control of, and an ability to move productive economic resources between sectors is determined, in part, by gender. If an individual's gender impedes their ability to fully participate in the economic adjustment process by inhibiting resource access, control or movement adjustment will be impaired. This paper discusses the potential gender dimensions of structural adjustment policies and examines the evidence to date. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available ? P Katz, Elizabeth 1995H Gender and Trade Within the Household: Observations from Rural Guatemala 327-342 World Development 23 2 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN[ A household model proposed by Carter and Katz (1992) assumes that resource exchanges and the division of expenditure responsibilities among household members are directly observable, and important to their individual and collective responses to new opportunities and constraints. This paper illustrates that it is possible to observe the complex processes that characterize the domestic economy by examining several examples of intrahousehold resource transfers and expenditure flows among a sample of rural households in the Central Highlands of Guatemala. It is found that women transfer significant labor time to a new male income-generating activity, with the greatest single source of variation in the value of this intrahousehold resource transfer being the availability of older daughters to perform the domestic labor that is normally the responsibility of the female head. It is also shown that the transfer of female land to her husband is in some cases compensated for, or reciprocated, by the transfer of tradeable goods at the end of the agricultural season. With regard to women's remunerated labor activities, older daughters enable their mothers to pursue these either by relieving them of some of their domestic responsibilities and/or by directly contributing their labor to their mother's income-generating endeavors. Nonfood expenditures are analyzed in light of the relative responsibilities of men and women in decision making, finance and purchase. It is found that increased male agricultural income is largely spent on male goods, affecting women's ability to purchase food and domestic technology. The paper concludes by arguing that the results obtained from direct observation of intrahousehold transfers are useful for the prediction and interpretation of microlevel policy impacts not obtainable from aggregate household information. (World Development) online Uni-Kassel 30.06.06 co available? 3 Cornwall, Andrea
Harrison, Elizabeth
Whitehead, Ann 20041 Repositioning Feminisms in Gender and Development 1-10 IDS-JOURNAL 35 46 GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
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not available online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co availableB? " Batliwala, Srilatha
Dhanraj, Deepa 2004I Gender Myths that Instrumentalise Women: A View from the Indian Frontline IDS-JOURNAL 35 4y GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
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COUNTRY/ASIA This article explores how gender myths - feminist ideas adopted and then distorted by development agencies and the state - are aiding religious fundamentalism and neo-liberal economic reforms in a process that instrumentalises poor women in India and reframes their role as citizens. The authors examine the dynamic of two particular gender myths: (1) that giving women access to economic resources leads to their overall empowerment and (2) that with increased access to political power, women will opt for progressive and transformatory politics. The article analyses the operation of these myths in the context of two state-sponsored initiatives in India. It attempts to demonstrate that so-called economic empowerment programmes can both depoliticise and disempower poor women and shift the onus of poverty alleviation from the state to poor women, while simultaneously delimiting women's citizenship. It then discusses how fundamentalist forces can and have seized the resulting spaces for women's political participation, mobilising women in support of their agenda. Based on their analysis of these specific experiences, the authors call for critical reflection by feminists and for revitalised strategies to face these challenges.
(IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
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B? n
Chant, Sylvia 2004q Dangerous Equation? How Female-Headed Households Became the Poorest of the Poor: Cause, Consequences and Cautions IDS-JOURNAL 35 4, GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/WELFARE This article interrogates the common assumption that a large part of the so-called "feminisation of poverty" in recent decades is due to the progressive "feminisation of household headship". Its specific aims are threefold. The first is to summarise how and why women-headed households have come to be widely equated with the "poorest of the poor" in development discourse. The second is to trace the evolution of challenges to this stereotype from a growing and increasingly diverse body of macro- and micro-level research. The third is to explore some of the implications and outcomes of competing constructions of female household headship, especially in relation to policy. At one end of the spectrum, what kinds of attitudes and actions flow out of the mantra that female-headed households are the "poorest of the poor"? At the other extreme, what happens when the links between the "feminisation of poverty" and the "feminisation of household headship" are disrupted? The article reflects on the potential consequences of acknowledging that the epithet 'women-headed households are the poorest of the poor' may be more "fable" than "fact". (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available X B? Pappu, Rekha 2004> Within the Edifice of Development: Education of Women in India IDS-JOURNAL 35 4L GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/EDUCATION-HIGHER EDUCATION
COUNTRY/ASIA The widespread faith in the transformative powers of education notwithstanding, the reality shows that the results of making available literacy/education have not lived up to what now seem like mythic expectations Despite evidence of this failure, emphasis on providing education continues. This article attempts to understand the reasons for this by tracking the frameworks that have justified education for women in four different moments. Focusing on the present moment, the article argues that the shifts noted in the present time are predominantly influenced by economic agendas in which the lives of individual women or even communities of women are not taken into consideration. The article argues that a corrective to the invocation of education in the abstract would be to deliberate on the content of education and the pedagogic approach to be adopted, and to oppose the hierarchies that ensue from differential systems of education for the rich and the poor.
(IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not availableB? n Beall, Jo
Todes Alison 2004_ Headlines and Head-Space: Challenging Gender Planning Orthodoxy in Area-Based Urban Development IDS-JOURNAL 35 4? GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRY/AFRICA& Drawing on the experience of a highly acclaimed area-based urban development initiative in Cato Manor, a central area of Durban, this article explores the way in which the project engaged with women and took up issues of gender. In this, as in other areas of planning practice, the Cato Manor Development Association exhibited surprisingly good practice. It consulted both women and men, ran a vernacular community paper to reach those who found it difficult to attend meetings, often prioritised the expressed needs of women, and anticipated what would help foster harmonious gender relations in urban design, for example in the design of parks and amenities. Project design and documents were devoid of much reference to women and gender and were unscathed by the imprint of gender planning, and the article therefore explores why a focus on gender was so central to implementation. The article concludes that gender planning is not the only way in which development initiatives can bring positive change to the conditions of women's lives and lead to the transformation of gender relations. Indeed, even when a gender focus did inform the initiative, it would not have been effective without the historical experience and political and policy conditions allowing for women's active public engagement. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available D B? n Kanji, Nazneen
Vijfhuizen, Carin 2004h Cracking Cashew Nut Myths? The Challenges of Gendered Policy Research in the Cashew Sector in Mozambique IDS-JOURNAL 35 4U GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/AGRICULTURE
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT
COUNTRY/AFRICA This article explores myth-breaking and myth-making in feminist policy research. Using examples from a study of men and women's work in the cashew sector in Mozambique, the article presents findings on women farmers' access to and control over land and trees and the gender division of labour and benefits in cashew processing factories. While findings contested representations of women's involvement in the cashew sector in earlier research (cracking some myths), it also discusses the tensions and challenges involved in translating findings into policy messages, so as not to create further (different) myths. The first tension results from the need to analyse structural conditions of gender subordination while showing women's agency and avoiding passive representations of women as victims. The second tension concerns the tendency of policy discourses to generalise and oversimplify social and political realities. Challenges also arise from the pressures to provide policy messages relating to gender equality in an overall framework that emphasises poverty reduction within an essentially market-oriented, neo-liberal approach to development. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available@ B? Win, Everjoice J. 2004P Not Very Poor, Powerless or Pregnant: The African Women Forgotten by Development IDS-JOURNAL 35 4a GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRY/AFRICA The poor, powerless and pregnant African woman is development's favourite image. NGOs, donors and media have used it for decades. But does this image tell the whole complex story of African women's lives? Is material poverty the dominant factor defining the position and condition of the African woman? In this article, I challenge everyone to go beyond this image towards a deeper and more meaningful understanding of the realities of African women's lives. While those of us who are not necessarily poor, nor always powerless, nor invariably pregnant, might appear to have comparatively better lives than our sisters, we suffer under the same yoke of patriarchy and unequal power relations. From HIV and AIDS, to violence and denial of rights in the public sphere, the non-poor African has to fight not only for her rights but also for her own legitimacy at macro- and micro-levels. Delegitimised by donors and oher actors, the non-poor woman often seeks legitimacy through telling the stories of others, who equally disown her as not really one of them. Development practitioners and policymakers are challenged to engage with this "new" African woman.
(IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not availableB? n Woodford-Berger, Prudence 2004I Gender Mainstreaming: What is it (about) and should we continue doing it? IDS-JOURNAL 35 4Z GIPE/FIEL/CILVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
GIPE/FIELD/EU
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/EUROPE Gender mainstreaming began to receive attention in Sweden and other Nordic countries in the late 1980s, and was established firmly on the global development agenda as a result of the UN Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. It has aimed at reducing the gap between policy intentions and actual results, and is a long-term, strategic process whereby "gender" is systematically integrated into all (development) systems, structures and practices. The purpose of gender mainstreaming is to prompt changes in institutional practice and to promote progress toward the goals of women's empowerment and gender equality, key policy concerns and goals that reflect a feminist heritage. The article examines the narrative of gender mainstreaming in the Swedish case. Considered one of the most "gender-equal" countries in the world, Sweden has embarked on implementation of a gender equality policy through gender mainstreaming. Gender mainstreaming is based on the endorsement of a form of national feminist theory that underlies the models for gender analysis in most fields of Swedish policy and political decision making. Gender mainstreaming is bound up with "Swedishness", something that plays a significant role in the translation of policy into practice. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available B? n Eyben, Rosalind 2004@ Battles Over Booklets: Gender Myths in the British Aid Programme IDS-JOURNAL 35 4J GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
COUNTRY/EUROPE6 Official policy documents are outcomes of intensely fought internal struggles. Through an analysis of a series of publicity booklets produced by the British aid programme between 1986 and 1998, this article explores how particular ways of thinking about women and gender were taken up by one donor agency. Based on the author's own experience, the article identifies the underlying processes related to power and knowledge that shaped a protracted and evolving bureaucratic contest over the text and pictures each booklet contained. The article explores how certain gender myths were used by the various contestants either to preserve or transform a policy agenda as represented in these booklets. In that contest, myths or stories were selected to resonate with the wider currents of ideology that were shaping aid policy at the time of each booklet's production. The article considers the external and internal political environment to which each booklet was responding and links the key policy messages of the booklets with the gender myths that each contains. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel
20.0.06 co
not available B? Standing, Hilary 2004K Gender, Myth and Fable: The Perils of Mainstreaming in Sector Bureaucracies IDS-JOURNAL 35 4j GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIELD/HEALTH This article examines how gender and development discourses and frameworks were appropriated into development policy and practice through gender mainstreaming efforts in developing country sector bureaucracies. It uses an example of an attempt to mainstream gender equity objectives into a large health sector programme in a national bureaucracy heavily reliant on external aid. It argues that these efforts mis-specify the nature and role of bureaucracies. A health sector bureaucracy should be expected to improve health systems, not act as an engine of social and political transformation. This is linked to failure to understand the policy domain and how gender and development advocates can engage with it. Two main questions are explored. How did the project of social transformation become translated into practice in the increasingly professionalised world of gender and development? How were the links between theory, policy and practice rendered unproblematic by naivety about "policy" and how progressive change comes about?
(IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available B? m Subrahmanian, Ramya 2004c Making Sense of Gender in Shifting Institutional Contexts: Some Reflections on Gender Mainstreaming IDS-JOURNAL 35 4w GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/CILVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING As long as gender mainstreaming has been an aspect of the feminist engagement with development, there have been those who have warned of the dangers of political dilution, those that have opposed the takeover of feminist agendas by the state, and the dangers of "co-option". Yet engagement with the state has been critical for furthering inclusive citizenship, and commitments to gender equality and women's empowerment are ubiquitous and often genuine. How do we make sense of these diverse trends? This article offers some reflections on gender mainstreaming, arguing for reviewing its achievements both in the wider context of transformative possibilities, and also in a more modest perspective, scaling down expectations of what it can achieve. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available B? n Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee 2004_ Mainstreaming Gender or "Streaming" Gender Away: Feminists Marooned in the Development Business IDS-JOURNAL 35 4 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIEL/CILVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIELD/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS This article analyses the fate of gender mainstreaming, the strategy adopted at the UN Fourth World Conference of Women in Beijing to forward the gender equality agenda within development institutions. Using case studies from Mukhopadhyay's own research and advisory work, she shows how the political project of gender equality is being normalised in the development business as an ahistorical, apolitical, de-contextualised and technical project that leaves the prevailing and unequal power relations intact. She suggests that in repositioning gender in development policy and practice we need to consider how to get back to the political project while not abandoning the present mode of engagement with development institutions. Citing the experiences of a recently concluded action research programme undertaken by the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, in collaboration with organisations in South Asia and Southern Africa, the author suggests that getting back to the political project involves working on rights and citizenship issues within development institutions and on the outside to create a "voice" of the most marginalised and their organisation. (IDS-Bulletin)
online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not availableBB? Molyneux, Maxine 2004 The Chimera of Success IDS-JOURNAL 35 4_ GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIEL/CILVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING This article examines the evidence for the claim that gender has been so successfully mainstreamed into development policy that there is now little need for women's projects and programmes, as the job of creating "gender awareness" is done. It argues that despite a widespread recognition in development agencies that "gender matters", this all too often translates into the token, partial and selective incorporation of gender awareness into public/international policy, so evident in anti-poverty programmes. Reflecting on how to assess the impact of the Beijing process, the article concludes that if gender analysis is to be more than another policy tool, it needs to be accompanied by some strategy for achieving gender justice as part of a broader commitment to greater social and economic equality. This is unlikely to happen without the political will, vision and strategy provided by collective action. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available ( B?! m
Pearson, Ruth 2004+ Women, Work and Empowerment in a Global Era IDS-JOURNAL 35 4Q GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIELD/EMPLOYMENT This article highlights a basic contradiction in much feminist analysis of women and work in the current era of globalisation. It questions the assumption that women's access to employment and/or income leads to women's emancipation and empowerment. Given increased needs for money to access basic services, women's participation in the market economy is often survival-oriented and has little effect on structural changes in gender relations. Whether gained from micro-credit loans to finance home businesses or from export-producing factory work, women's earnings are generally low and do not offer them entitlements to social protection. Poor women need money, but increases in wages will not on their own empower women. Improvements in conditions and returns from work must be coupled with assurances of minimum income, access to affordable and high-quality services and a healthy environment that is not blighted by community and domestic violence. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available.B?" m Mama, Amina 2004J Demythological Gender in Development: Feminist Studies in African Contexts IDS-JOURNAL 35 4 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/INSTITUTIONS
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
COUNTRY/AFRICA Feminist scholars seeking to maintain the link between theory and practice face multiple challenges as a result of the complex nexus between diverse gender politics and international development formulae. The most salient of these arise from the tension between the liberal strategy of entering mainstream institutions and networks, and the radical politics that emanate from feminist analyses of local conditions. Feminists in African contexts therefore face the intense challenges of developing innovative intellectual, pedagogical and institutional strategies, despite their weak organisational bases. The transformative capacity of feminist studies has so far depended on the capacity of African feminist thinkers to navigate the increasingly fraught intersections between local institutional demands, global development imperatives and their own visions of gender-just societies. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available [?# Sardenberg, Cecil M.B. 2004n With a Little Help From Our Friends: "Global" Incentives and "Local" Challenges to Feminist Politics in Brazil 125-129 IDS-JOURNAL 35 4 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEAN The author's comments regarding the major challenges facing feminists working to achieve gender justice in the context of development today are outlined by current circumstances in Brazil. More specifically, they focus on the process launched by the Lula government which established 2004 as Ano da Mulher (Women's Year), and is organising the First National Conference on Policies for Women (I Conferência Nacional de Políticas para Mulheres), to take place 15 to 18 July in Brasília. This article looks at these recent developments in terms of the impact of global feminisms on local struggles, calling attention to the specific challenges to feminist politics in contemporary Brazil.
(IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available B?$ n Kandiyoti, Deniz 2004h Political Fiction Meets Gender Myths: Post-Conflict Reconstruction; "Democratization" and Women's Rights IDS-JOURNAL 35 4 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIELD/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRY/MIDDLE-FAR-EAST! This article aims to draw attention to the fact that gender issues are becoming politicised in novel and counterproductive ways in a new geopolitical context where armed interventions usher in blueprints for governance underwritten by international donors and global institutions. These blueprints include efforts at gender mainstreaming, against the background of a new conventional wisdom concerning the need to include women in post-conflict reconstruction, backed by UN Security Council Resolution 1325. Using the case of post-Taliban Afghanistan, an attempt is made to demonstrate that technocratic blueprints that do not take account of the nature of political settlements (or lack thereof) in specific post-conflict contexts are likely to remain ineffective at best, or to backfire, inadvertently exposing and disempowering the constituencies that most need support. The type of intervention that involves patient capacity and coalition building far exceeds the time frames and resources of interventions dominated by "project" cycles. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available9B?% Goetz, Anne-Marie 2004) Reinvigorating Autonomous Feminist Spaces IDS-JOURNAL 35 4A GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING The de-politicisation of gender equity goals that occurs through gender mainstreaming can be combated through building a stronger external feminist support base for "femocrats" inside development agencies, and by attempting to produce a more coherent set of alternatives to current market-based development planning orthodoxies. A stronger external feminist support base will make the project of gender "mainstreaming" more closely resemble feminist infiltration than assimilation to dominant development approaches - an assimilation that has required gender equity concerns to fit themselves in on the sidelines. A serious critique and evolution of alternatives to market-centred dogmas will engage with the governance agenda and will seek to strengthen states in their role as arenas for pursuing redistributive projects. Autonomous feminist associational activity and institutional experimentation is essential to provide the creativity needed for this project.
(IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not availableB?& m
Chant, Sylvia 2000Q From "Women-Blind" to "Man-Kind": Should Men have Space in Gender and Development IDS-JOURNAL 31 2 GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING= This article considers a series of conceptual, practical and strategic reasons why gender and development policy and planning might benefit from incorporating men to a greater degree than has been the case thus far. The article is divided into three main sections. The first sketches in some of the background to the emergence of interest in 'men in GAD'. The second outlines some of the main problems associated with the exclusion of men from gender planning at institutional and grassroots levels. The third identifies how a more active and overt incorporation of men as gendered and engendering beings in gender policy and planning has the potential of expanding the scope of gender and development interventions, and of furthering struggles to achieve greater and more sustained equality between men and women. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 20.06.06 co
not available!B?' n Cornwall, Andrea 2000@ Missing men? Reflections on Men, Masculinities and Gender in GAD IDS-JOURNAL 31 2m GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/Field/Men-Masculinities This article explores the implications of missing men for Gender and Development. Men, in all their diversity, are largely missing from representations of 'gender issues' and 'gender relations' in GAD. Mainstream development purveys its own set of stereotypical images of men, serving equally to miss the variety of men who occupy other, more marginal, positions in households and communities. Men remain residual and are often missing from institutionalised efforts to tackle gender inequity. Portrayed and engaged with only in relation to women, men are presumed to be powerful and are represented as problematic obstacles to equitable development. Men's experiences of powerlessness remain outside the frame of GAD, so threatening is the idea of marginal man. Amidst widespread agreement that changing men, as well as women, is crucial if GAD is to make a difference, new strategies are needed. This article suggests that rather than simply 'bringing men in', the issues raised by reflecting on men, masculinities and gender in GAD require a more radical questioning of the analytical categories used in GAD, and a revised politics of engagement. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 21.06.06 co
not availableB?( n Greig, Alan 2000 The Spectacle of Men Fighting IDS-JOURNAL 31 2s GIPE/DISCIPLINE/POLITICAL SCIENCE
GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIELD/CONFLICT-WAR| The meaning of male violence should be a central concern of Gender and Development (GAD) discourse and practice. Explanations of the nature, and limits, of men's responsibility for such violence increasingly centre on their socialisation into a masculine identity. By counter-posing the 'individual' and the 'social', attention becomes fixed on identity as the surface that connects these two realities on which is inscribed the masculinity of men. The task of responding to the spectacle of men fighting then appears to be one of re-inscribing a new non-violent masculine identity. This paper argues that GAD practitioners should be wary of this kind of politics of identity. Focusing on identification as relation, rather than identity as boundary, clarifies the violent politics of difference at the heart of masculinity. Addressing violence means approaching a new politics of difference. This is a politics of alliance and coalition, a transgressing of sectoral and institutional boundaries in recognition of the common bases of oppression and their plural manifestations in women's and men's lives. GAD can address the politics of identification(s) by approaching questions of responsibility for and complicity in male violence as personal-communal issues. Depending on what they choose to fight for, the spectacle of men fighting can be a sight, and site, of real political potency. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 21.06.06 co
not available B?) m White, Sarah C. 2000] DID the Earth Move? The Hazards of Bringing Men and Masculinities into Gender and Development IDS-JOURNAL 31 29 GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMINGn This article offers a critical review of the new 'masculinities' literature in the light of the continuing dominance of patriarchal relations in society and development institutions. It argues that this necessarily challenges accepted understandings of sex/gender in GAD, representing both risk and opportunity. 'Masculinity' is at present a highly ambiguous, multi-purpose term, which needs to be more sharply defined if it is to be of analytical use, particulary in cross-cultural contexts. The identification of the study of masculinity with the study of men needs to be broken. Bringing men in must not mean replacing a focus on women with a focus on men, but a genuinely integrated and relational approach. This should include locating gender within broader dimensions of power and social difference, and recognising its symbolic as well as material aspects. (IDS-Bulletin) onlie Uni-Kassel 21.06.06 co available'B?*
Pearson, Ruth 20006 Which Men, Why Now? Reflections on Men and Development IDS-JOURNAL 31 2W GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/CIVIL SOCIETY-NGOs
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMINGn This article interrogates the impulses behind the current interest in men and masculinities within a gender and development framework. It argues that the Women and Development agenda, which was propelled onto the development cooperation stage in the 1970s, was inspired by Second Wave feminism and the anti-imperialist and civil rights movements of that era. However, the men and masculinities agenda does not have a parallel political origin or passion. Whilst feminists and gender analysis are committed to extending the gender agenda to men as well as women, and take a range of positions from male exclusion to male co-option, there is a striking silence from main (male)-stream development experts.
Those men who are involved are largely from outside the development cooperation field, but include many who are involved with challenging both politically and academically dominant theories and positionalities of men and masculinities in developing countries and in development institutions and international social science. But the involvement of men from Scandinavian mainstream development agencies also suggests that it is the position of men in particular societies and their relationship with the state and the labour markets, as much as the policy and political relevance of men and masculinities in development practice, which is the key to extending this agenda. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 21.06.06 co
not available B?+ n Greene, Margaret, E. 2000V Changing Women and Avoiding Men: Gender Stereotypes and Reproductive Health Programmes IDS-JOURNAL 31 2e GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIELD/HEALTH
GIPE/FIELD/DISCRIMINATION Health care researchers have documented that in many settings male social prerogatives powerfully condition women's relationship to health care systems. Particularly in the area of reproductive health care, the decision-making privileges enjoyed by men fundamentally affect women's health status. Yet population policy and reproductive health programming has been slow to respond to this insight. Unrecognised or unacknowledged assumptions about women's 'natural' responsibility for child-bearing and child-rearing, coupled with an acceptance of the rights of men to make family health care decisions have impeded policy responses to these research findings. By accepting these static characterisations of men rather than assuming that gender relations are dynamic and that men are as capable of change as women, research and programmes have often implicitly accepted men's power and women's subordination. Effective reproductive health care programming needs to recruit men's support and participation in creative ways. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 21.06.06 co
not available kB?, n Cleaver, Frances 2000p Analysing Gender Roles in Community Natural Resources Management: Negotiations, Lifecourses and Social Inclusion IDS-JOURNAL 31 2P GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING This article considers the absence of convincing analyses of gender roles in thinking about community-based natural resource management. It suggests that policies and approaches are inadequately gendered and particularly omit to recognise the relational nature of gender. Such approaches are further criticised for promoting women's development to the neglect of men, for perpetuating normative generalisations about men and women and for an exessive focus on public manifestations of gendered participation and decision making. This results in policies which overlook the changing and negotiated nature of gender roles, the intersection of productive and reproductive concerns in gendered decision making and the costs to women and men of inclusion in and exclusion from public life. This article draws on examples of gendered decision-making and negotiation over the management of land, livestock and water in Zimbabwe. It argues for a more sophisticated conceptualisation of the roles of men and women which takes account of their capacities as individual agents as well as the different structural constraints operating on them. The article suggests areas where further analysis is urgently required. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 21.06.06 co
not available B?- n Poudyal, Ranjan 2000Q Alternative Masculinities in South Asia: An Exploration through Films for Schools IDS-JOURNAL 31 2i GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/DISCRIMINATION
GIPE/FIELD/HEALTH
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRY/ASIA} Masculinity and its impact on gender relations and the institutionalisation of power exercised by men have been critically commented upon by activists and academics working on issues related to gender relations. The failure of the early 'developmentalist' approach to population control programmes, the increase in violence against women, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic has pushed to the fore, amongst other issues, the question of male sexuality and male culture. The Save the Children (UK) South and Central Asia Regional Office and UNICEF Regional office for South Asia is proposing to make a series of films on masculinities, which deconstructs and reconstructs patriarchy within South Asia. The film-making project involves the production of films on masculinities by male film makers from India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan, within their own countries. This film-making project, is intended to increase and extend the impact of SCF's and UNICEF's country programmes in tackling the problems of increasing violence against girls. The intent is to try and explore the broad patterns of masculinities without ignoring the particularities of each category of men (in terms of class, caste, sexual preference, etc). The way men negotiate between duties and dreams, dominance and love, anxiety and pleasure, power and insecurity are the kernels around which the stories are to be constructed. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 21.06.06 co
not available #B?. n c Färnsveden, U.
Rönquist, Anders 2000 Why Men? A Pilot Study of existing Attitudes among SIDA's Staff towards Male Participation in the Promotion of Gender Equality in Development IDS-JOURNAL 31 2T GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/LABOR RELATIONS
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING There is today a call for a broader view on gender relations and there are also some signs that men are becoming increasingly involved in the promotion of gender equality. An important principle of Sida's policy for working to promote equality between women and men is the need for a gender approach, ie. a focus on both women and men and the relationships between them rather than an exclusive focus on women. To what extent is this stated objective reflected in the attitudes and practices of Sida employees towards male participation in gender work? Although we believe that the threats and risks with having more men in GAD have to be taken into serious consideration, our findings suggest support among colleagues for our own belief that male participation is indeed positive for the strengthening of equal rights and opportunities. There seems to be a general belief that gender equality concerns everyone, men as well as women. Our respondents have stated that men must be participating actively if real changes in gender relations are to be brought about. Finally, it was our impression from our talks with Sida's employees that Sida's staff felt that the organisation's work with promoting gender equality would be further reinforced by active male participation. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 22.06.06 co
not available >B?/ n & Levy, Caren
Taher, Nadia
Vouhe, Claudy 2000' Addressing Men and Masculinities in GAD IDS-JOURNAL 31 2P GIPE/DISCIPLINE/SOCIOLOGY
GIPE/FIELD/GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GIPE/FIELD/DEVELOPMENT The GAD approach in both concept and practice has been inconsistent in its treatment of men and masculinities. In their work on mainstreaming gender in policy and planning, the authors have tried to confront these inconsistencies in a number of ways. This article reviews the way men and masculinities have been addressed in GAD, drawing primarily on the Development Planning Unit (DPU), University College London's academic, training and advisory work in this field. This article is structured around four main areas. The first places the DPU's approach in the wider WID/GAD debates of the 1990s, and discusses the rationale for incorporating men and masculinities into a transformative view of GAD. The next section discusses the ways in which men and masculinities have been incorporated into the concepts and tools which make up the DPU's gender mainstreaming methodology. Taking the example of training, the third section focuses on men and masculinities through the experience of working with women and men as trainees and trainers. In conclusion, the authors summarise their view of the dangers and positive reasons for the incorporation of men and masculinities into gender mainstreaming methodologies. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 23.06.06 co
not available B?0 n
Chant, Sylvia 1997f Women-Headed Households: Poorest of the Poor? Perspectives from Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines IDS-JOURNAL 28 3Y GIPE/DISCIPLINE/ECONOMICS
GIPE/FIELD/WELFARE
COUNTRY/ASIA
COUNTRY/LATIN AMERICA-CARRIBEANI Women-headed households are commonly regarded as the 'poorest of the poor'. Not only do they seem to be disproportionately concentrated among low-income groups, but female headship itself is seen to exacerbate poverty. Yet a growing body of research on developing societies suggests that although poverty may precipitate the formation of female-headed households, and that some aspects of female headship can give rise to economic disadvantage, members of these units are not necessarily worse-off than people in male-headed domestic arrangements. With reference to case study material from Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines, this article argues that 'poorest of the poor' is a misleading stereotype for female-headed households, that we cannot generalise about female heads, and that examination of intra-household characteristics is essential for the understanding of economic vulnerability. The article also signposts the dangers of 'poorest of the poor' stereotyping for creating and/or reinforcing negative public images of, and attitudes towards, women-headed households. (IDS-Bulletin) online Uni-Kassel 23.06.06 co
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Razavi, Shara 1997A From Rags to Riches: Looking at Poverty from a Gender Per